UC-NRLF 


NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND 
ECONOMIC  SURVEY 

JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT,  State  Geologist 


BULLETIN  No.  24 


LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE 


W,  W,  ASHE 

Forest  Inspector,  U.  5.  Forest  Service 
(and  former  Forester  of  the  North  Carolina  Geolo£lo. 


Prepared  in  Co-operation  with  the 

Forest  Service,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
HENRY  5.  GRAVES,  Forester 


RALEIGH 

EDWABDS  &  BBOWJHTON  FEINTING  COMPANY 

STATE  PBINTBRS  AJTO  BINDSES 

1915 


UNIVERSITY  FARM 


SD397 
TB8 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  I. 


FRONTISPIECE.      Group   of   loblolly   pines   two   hundred  years   old   growing   with   hardwoods   on 

Quality  I.     Such  trees  yield  55  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  grades  of 

lumber.     The  hardwoods  have  been  cut  out. 


NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND 
ECONOMIC  SURVEY 

JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT,  State  Geologist 


BULLETIN  No.  24 


LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE 


W.  W.  ASHE 

Forest  Inspector,   U.  5.  Forest  Service 
(and  former  Forester  of  the  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey) 


Prepared  In  Co-operation  with  the 

Forest  Service,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
HENRY  5.  GRAVES,  Forester 


RALEIGH 

EDWARDS  &  BROCGHTON  PRINTING  COMPANY 

STATE  PRINTERS  AND  BINDERS 

1915 


GEOLOGICAL  BOARD 


Governor  Locke  Craig,  ex  officio  chairman Raleigh. 

Frank  R.  Hewitt Asheville. 

Hugh  MacRae Wilmington. 

Kenry  E.  Fries Winston-Salem. 

W.  H.  Williamson. .  Raleigh. 


Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist Chapel  Hill. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


CHAPEL  HILL,  N.  C.,  October  1,  1914. 

To  His  Excellency,  HON.  LOCKE  CRAIG, 

Governor  of  North  Carolina. 

SIK: — There  has  recently  been  prepared  for  the  Worth  Carolina 
Geological  and  Economic  Survey  a  report  on  the  Loblolly  or  North 
Carolina  Pine  by  Mr.  ~W.  W.  Ashe.  It  is  for  the  use  of  landowners 
and  lumbermen  alike  and  is  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  all  our  peo- 
ple who  are  in  any  way  interested  in  timber. 

I  submit  this  report  for  publication  as  Bulletin  24  of  the  bulletin 
series  of  the  Survey.  Yours  respectfully, 

JOSEPH  HYDE  PEATT, 

State  Geologist. 


900 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface xv 

The  Tree  and  how  to  identify  it 1 

Common  names  1 

Distinguishing  botanical   characteristics 2 

Economic  status  of  loblolly  pine 4 

Physiography  of  Coastal  Plain  and  Piedmont  Plateau  regions 8 

Coastal  Plain  region 8 

Piedmont  Plateau  region 9 

Commercial  distribution    9 

Original   forest    10 

Present  forest   12 

Associated  species    13 

Forest  types  14 

Old  field  growth  on  dry  sites 17 

Loblolly  pine  in  pure  stands  on  porous  loams  and  peaty  soils 19 

Loblolly  pine  on  longleaf  pine  flat  lands 21 

Loblolly  pine  with  hardwoods  in  swamps  chiefly  in  Coastal  Plain. . .  22 

Loblolly  pine  with  pocoson  pine  on  savannas 24 

Loblolly  pine  with  cypress  in  deep  swamps 25 

Loblolly  pine  in  hardwood  and  shortleaf  pine  forests  on  the  Pied- 
mont uplands 26 

Forest  characteristics 26 

Form    26 

Stem 26 

Crown    38 

Root   system 38 

Bark   40 

Longevity  and  size 41 

Silvical  requirements   41 

Climate  41 

Soil  and  moisture 41 

Light 42 

Reproduction    44 

Seeding    44 

Germination  and  plant  establishment 45 

Fungus  diseases  and  insects 46 

Sensitiveness  to  fire 47 

Cattle  and  hogs 48 

Sleet  and  snow 49 

Wind-firmness    49 

Wood  and  its  uses 49 

Qualities    49 

Defects  50 

Uses    .  52 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Commercial  use  for  turpentine 53 

Growth 54 

Quality,  class  1 54 

Quality,  class  II 56 

Quality,  class  III 56 

Old  field   stands 57 

Determination  of  Quality  Sites 57 

Growth  in  height 58 

Growth  in  diameter 63 

Growth  in  volume 66 

Cubic  feet 66 

Board  feet v 66 

Volume  tables   72 

Yield  of  pure  even-aged  stands 87 

In  cubic  feet  and  cords 88 

In  board  feet 90 

Graded  volume  tables 98 

Grading  of  logs 98 

Grade  1 98 

Grade  2 98 

Grade  3   99 

Grade  4   99 

Grade  5   . 99 

Red  heart  logs 99 

Grading  of  lumber 100 

No.  1  grade 100 

No.  2  grade 100 

No.  3  grade 100 

No.  4  grade 100 

No.  5  grade 100 

Firm  redheart  101 

Bark  strips  101 

Increase  in  value  of  trees 119 

Density  of  stand 128 

Quality  site    128 

Rate  of  growth  and  age  of  stand 128 

Management    134 

Most  profitable  age  and  size  at  which  to  cut 135 

Mixed  stands  135 

Pure  even-aged  stands  for  saw  timber 136 

Pure  even-aged  stands  for  cordwood 140 

Open  pure  uneven-aged  stands 142 

Increasing  the  revenue  from  timber  land 143 

Reducing  waste  in  logging 143 

Rules  to  govern  logging 146 

Increase  in  cost  of  handling  small  timber 146 

Relative  value  of  trees  for  different  uses 147 

Silvicultural  systems  of  cutting  in  different  types 148 

(1)  Upland  old  field 149 

(2)  Permanent  of  "natural"  loblolly  pine  type 151 


CONTENTS.  VU 

Silvicultural  systems  of  cutting — Continued:  PAGE 

(3)  Longleaf  pine  flat  lands 154 

(4)  Mixed  with  hardwoods  in  flat  swamps 154 

(5)  Loblolly  pine  with  cypress  in  deep  swamps 155 

(6)  Loblolly  pine  with  pocoson  pine  on  savannas 156 

(7)  Loblolly  pine  with  shortleaf  pine  and  hardwoods  on  uplands  156 
Protection   from   fires 157 

Brush  lopping   158 

Thinnings    159 

Artificial   restocking    166 

Gathering  of  seed ... 166 

Seedbeds    166 

Planting     167 

Direct  seeding : 167 

Broadcast  sowing  168 

Seed  spot  sowing 168 

Advisability  of  loblolly  pine  planting 168 


LIST  OF  TABLES 


TABLE  PAGE 

1.  Forest  types  of  Eastern  North  Carolina 14 

2.  Composition  of  loblolly  pine  stands  on  upland  old  fields 18 

3.  Composition  of  loblolly  pine  stands  on  peaty  soil 20 

4.  Composition  of  loblolly  pine  stands  on  longleaf  pine  flat  land 21 

5.  Composition  of  loblolly  pine  with  hardwoods 23 

6.  Composition  of  loblolly  pine  with  pocoson  pine 25 

7.  Yield  of  different  ages  in  board  feet  per  linear  foot  of  stem 27 

8.  Butt   taper   measurements 28 

9.  Taper  measurements  of  stems — age  less  than  75  years 29 

9a.  Taper  measurements  of  stems — age  more  than  75  years 34 

10.  Thickness  of  bark  at  breast  high  for  trees  of  different  diameters  and 

heights 40 

11.  Thickness  of  bark  on  stump 41 

12.  Effect  of  fire  on  diameter  growth 48 

13.  Growth  in  height  of  trees  in  crown  classes  on  quality  sites 59 

14.  Growth  in  height  on  different  sites 61 

15.  Relation  between  total  height  and  diameter  on  quality  sites 62 

16.  Growth  in  diameter  on  quality  sites 64 

17.  Relation  between  breast  high  diameter  and  stump  diameter 65 

18.  Growth  in  diameter  of  trees  on  different  sites 66 

19.  Growth  of  average  tree  in  height,  diameter,  and  volume 67 

20.  Growth  in  cubic  volume  on  different  sites 68 

21.  Growth  in  volume,  board  feet  on  quality  sites 69 

22.  Growth  in  volume,  board  feet  on  different  sites 71 

23.  Volume  of  logs  in  board  feet  and  cubic  feet  and  mill  factor 74 

23a.  Log  rule  for  loblolly  pine 76 

24.  Volume  of  trees,  band  sawed,  under  75  years 77 

25.  Volume  of  trees,  band  sawed,  over  75  years 78 

26.  Volume  of  trees,  circular  sawed,  under  75  years 79 

27.  Volume  of  trees,  circular  sawed,  over  75  years 80 

28.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  under  75  years 81 

29.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  over  75  years 81 

30.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Scribner  Decimal  C  rule,  under  75  years. .  82 
30a.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Scribner  Decimal  C  rule,  over  75  years. . .  82 

31.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Tiemann  rule,  under  75  years 83 

31a.  Volume  of  trees  scaled  by  Tiemann  rule,  over  75  years 83 

32.  Number  of  logs  in  trees  of  different  diameters  and  heights 84 

33.  Volume  in  cubic  feet  of  merchantable  stem  wood,  less  than  75  years .  86 

34.  Volume  of  trees  in  cubic  feet  and  cords,  per  cent  of  bark  and  number 

of  trees  to  a  cord 87 

35.  Yield  per  acre  in  cubic  feet  to  3  inches,  including  tops  and  stumps. . .  89 

36.  Yield  per  acre  in  cubic  feet  to  6  inches,  including  tops  and  stumps. . .  90 

37.  Yield  per  acre  cubic  feet  and  cords  without  stumps  and  tops 91 

38.  Yield  per  acre  to  6  inches,  band  sawed 92 

39.  Yield  per  acre  to  6  inches,  circular  sawed 93 

40.  Yield  per  acre,  Doyle-Scribner  rule 93 


LIST  OF  TABLES.  IX 

TABLE  PAGE 

41.  Yield  per  acre  to  9  inches,  band  sawed 94 

41a.  Yield  per  acre  to  11  inches,  band  sawed 94 

42.  Number  of  trees  per  acre,  6  inches  and  over 95 

43.  Number  of  trees  per  acre,  9  inches  and  over 96 

44.  Number  of  trees  per  acre,  11  inches  and  over 97 

45.  Per  cent  of  different  grades  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  1  logs 101 

46.  Per  cent  of  different  grades  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  2  logs 102 

47.  Per  cent  of  different  grades  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  3  logs 103 

48.  Per  cent  of  different  grades  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  4  logs 104 

49.  Per  cent  of  different  grades  lumber  sawed  from  red  heart  logs 105 

50.  Amounts  and  values  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  1  logs 106 

51.  Amounts  and  values  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  2  logs 107 

52.  Amounts  and  values  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  3  logs 108 

53.  Amounts  and  values  of  lumber  sawed  from  grade  4  logs 109 

54.  Amounts  and  values  of  lumber  sawed  from  red  heart  logs 110 

55.  Amounts  and  per  cents  of  grades  cut  from  butt,  second  and  top  logs, 

45  year  old  stand 113 

55a.  Amounts  and  per  cents  of  grades  cut  from  butt,  second  and  top  logs, 

65  year  old  stand 115 

56.  Per  cent  of  grades  of  lumber  in  trees  of  different  diameters — age 

class  40  to  50 117 

57.  Per  cent  of  grades  of  lumber  in  trees  of  different  diameters — age 

class  60  to  70 118 

58.  Value  of  lumber  sawed  from  logs  of  different  diameters 121 

59.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  45  year  old  stand,  quality  1 122 

60.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  45  year  old  stand,  quality  II 123 

61.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  45  year  old  stand,  quality  III 124 

62.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  65  year  old  stand,  quality  1 125 

63.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  65  year  old  stand,  quality  II 126 

64.  Stumpage  value  of  trees,  65  year  old  stand,  quality  III 127 

65.  Value  per  1,000  board  feet  of  lumber  from  stands  at  different  ages. . .  129 

66.  Value  per  1,000  board  feet  of  Stumpage  in  stands  of  different  ages. . .  130 

67.  Stumpage  value  per  cubic  foot  of  wood  in  trees 131 

68.  Increase  in  stumpage  prices  and  in  utilization  since  1891 133 

69.  Per  cent  of  increase  in  value  of  dominant  and  intermediate  trees. . . .  136 

70.  Value  of  fully  stocked  stands,  scaled  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule 138 

71.  Value  of  fully  stock  stands,  basis  of  mill  cut 139 

72.  Cost  of  growing  cordwood 140 

73.  Time  required  for  trees  to  grow  one  inch  in  diameter 141 

74.  Crown  space  in  per  cent  of  acre  required  for  growth  of  trees  of 

different  sizes 143 

75.  Value  of  lumber  in  stumps 144 

76.  Increase  in  cost  of  manufacturing  lumber  with  decrease  in  size  of  log  147 

77.  Comparative  value  of  trees  of  different  sizes 148 

78.  Area  of  crown  space  and  index  of  tolerance 162 

79.  Yield  of  thinned  stands  and  yield  of  thinnings 164 

80.  Cost  per  1,000  board  feet  of  growing  loblolly  pine 169 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 

PLATE  PAGE 

I.  Group  of  loblolly  pines  200  years  old  growing  with  hardwoods 
.    on  Quality  I.     Such  trees  yield  55  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No. 
2  grades  of  lumber.     The  hardwoods  have  been  cut  out. 

Frontispiece 

II.  Branchlet  of  loblolly  or  North  Carolina  pine  with  old  cones 
open  after  the  dispersal  of  seed  in  early  winter,  and  small 
cones  which  will  develop  next  season  just  below  the  termi- 
nal bud.  Two-fifths  natural  size.  (Author's  illustration.)  2 

III.  Stand  of  loblolly  pine  about  12  years  old  on  dry  sandy  soil  in 

old  field.  Stand  is  too  open.  The  stems  consequently  are 
short  and  crooked,  set  with  many  branches,  and  the  wood 
is  knotty.  An  undesirable  condition  due  to  open  stocking 
on  dry  soil.  (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.)  ..............  18 

IV.  Dense  stand  of  pure  loblolly  pine,  5  to  8  years  old.     Desirable 
.  '     condition   insuring   long   straight   stems   which   are   well 

cleaned  of  branches.     (Author's  illustration.)  ............         20 

V.  A.     Characteristic  stand  of  loblolly  and  pocoson  pine  on   sa- 
vanna.    The   scattered    short-bodied    trees    are    typical. 
Such  a  stand  yields  about  15  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2 
grades  of  lumber.     (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.)  .......         22 

B.     Margin  of  pine,  cypress  and  gum  swamp.     Old  cypress  in 

center;  old  pine  on  left.     (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 

VI.  A.     Groups  of  loblolly  pine  poles  with  old  longleaf  pine  which 

it  is  replacing  on  grassy  flat  lands.     (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest 

Service.)    ............................................         24 

B.     Cut-over  loblolly  pine  land  showing  the  undesirable  char- 
acter of  the  seed  trees  which  are  left  by  the  present 
method  of  cutting.     (Photo,  by  J.  S.  Holmes.) 

VII.  Loblolly  pine  with  mixed  oaks  and  shortleaf  pine.     Three  log 
tree  80  years  old  cutting  20  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2 
grades  of  lumber.     (Photo.  N.  C.  Geological  Survey.)  .....         26 

VIII.  A.     Good  example  of  heavy  culling  as  practiced  15  to  20  years 
ago.     The  large  number  of  intermediate  and  suppressed 
trees  which  were  left  have  now  formed  a  basis  for  a  re- 
munerative second  cutting.     Pine   reestablishment   fair 
but  intermixed  with  oaks.     (Author's  illustration.)  .....         44 

B.  and  C.  Types  of  recently  cut  loblolly  pine  forest,  5  or  6 
years  after  cutting;  quality  II,  age  about  70  years.  Dense 
pine  restocking,  young  stand  being  from  6  to  10  feet 
high.  Undesirable  class  of  seed  trees  and  no  possibility 
of  a  remunerative  second  cutting.  (Author's  illustra- 
tions.) ............  44 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  XI 

FACING 

PLATE  PAGE 

IX.  Types  of  Loblolly  Pine  Wood 50 

A.  Type  of  wood  from  lower  part  of  stem  in  old-field  stand. 

The  coarse  grained  center  indicates  large  knots.  This 
tree  became  codominant  or  intermediate  when  about  3 
inches  on  the  radius.  The  diameter  growth  was  slow 
on  account  of  the  crowding  and  the  stem  cleaned  of 
branches.  It  was  isolated  by  thinning  when  3%  inches 
on  the  radius.  The  stem  at  that  time  resembled  that  of 
one  of  the  isolated  trees  shown  on  Plate  XVI.  As  a  result 
of  this  thinning  the  growth  during  the  past  ten  years  has 
been  at  the  rate  of  one  inch  in  diameter  every  three 
years.  While  the  wood  formed  since  thinning  is  coarse 
grained,  it  is  clear  and  free  from  knots.  The  large 
amount  of  hard  summerwood  is  characteristic  for  flat- 
woods  soils.  (Author's  illustration.) 

B.  Characteristic  wood   from   lower  logs   of   trees   in   mixed 

stands,  medium  fine  and  even  grained.  The  crown  of 
this  tree  overtopped  the  hardwoods  when  it  was  about  60 
years  old  (at  3.3  inches  on  the  radius).  Since  this 
period  the  diameter  growth  has  been  at  the  rate  of  one 
inch  every  four  years  (7%  rings  to  the  inch  of  radius). 
This  stem  is  practically  free  of  knots  for  60  feet  and  the 
wood  is  of  high  quality.  Nearly  the  same  result  can  be 
obtained  by  the  method  of  cutting  which  is  recommended 
for  the  best  sites  which  seeks  to  develop  the  codominant 
and  intermediate  trees  to  form  the  mature  stand,  and  by 
gradual  cutting  eventually  to  develop  the  best  of  the  sup- 
pressed trees.  (Author's  illustration.) 
X.  Types  of  Loblolly  Pine  Wood 50 

A.  Characteristic   wood    from   middle   and   upper   section   of 

rapidly  growing  tree.  The  relatively  small  amount  of 
hard  summerwood  in  this  portion  of  the  stem  is  typical. 
(Author's  illustration.) 

B.  Wood  from  tree  growing  on  very  wet  soil  showing  charac- 

teristic irregularity  of  grain.  (Author's  illustration.) 
XI.  Fully  stocked  stand  35  years  old,  Quality  II,  in  old  field  on 
upland  of  good  quality  following  oak,  hickory  and  short- 
leaf  pine.  The  density  is  good;  the  growth,  however, 
is  beginning  to  decline  and  the  stand  would  be  much  bene- 
fited by  a  thinning.  (Author's  illustration.) 56 

XII.  Logs  of  Different  Grades 98 

A.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  3  and  4,  diameters  5  to  16  inches. 

These  are  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes  now  coming  to 
the  mills.  Average  log  about  38  feet,  D.-S.  (Author's 
illustration.) 

B.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  2  and  3,  diameters  10  to  24  inches. 

These  are  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes  which  were 
cut  by  the  mills  between  1895  and  1910.  Average  log 


xii  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FACING 

PLATE  PAGE 

about  90  feet,  D.-S.  The  small  size  of  the  heartwood  is 
noteworthy.  (Author's  illustration.) 

C.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  1  and  2,  diameters  12  to  36  inches. 
These  were  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes  which  were 
sawed  until  1895.  Average  log  about  200  feet,  D.-S. 

XIII.  Typical  boards  of  important  grades   of  North   Carolina  pine 

lumber  12  feet  long.  A  to  D,  inclusive,  are  dressed  boards; 
E  and  F  are  rough.  (Photographs  made  under  direction 
of  author.)  100 

A.  No.  1  grade  board,  16  inches  wide,  from  a  large,  old,  fine- 

grained heart  tree  of  the  quality  known  as  "slash  pine." 
A  narrow  margin  of  sapwood  is  shown  on  either  edge  of 
the  board. 

B.  No.  2  grade  board,  12  inches  wide.     The  defects  are  a  small 

pin  knot  and  a  narrow  pitch  streak  in  the  upper  one-half 
of  the  board.  Board  from  an  old  growth,  fine  grained 
tree,  very  largely  heartwood. 

C.  No.  3  grade  board,  12  inches  wide.     The  defects  are  a  pitch 

pocket  in  the  lower  one-fourth,  two  pin  knots  near  the 
middle  of  the  board,  a  pitch  streak  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  board,  and  a  sliver  in  the  coarse,  flat  grain 
of  its  center.  Board  is  from  a  second  growth  forest 
tree,  coarse  grained  in  the  center  and  medium  grained 
on  the  edges.  Two-thirds  of  surface  sapwood. 

D.  Box  or  No.  4  grade  board,  12  inches  wide.     Very  knotty  and 

coarse  grained.  This  board  is  from  a  rapid  growth  tree 
of  the  old-field  type  and  is  all  sapwood  except  a  narrow 
ribbon  of  heart  down  the  center. 

E.  Merchantable  red  heart  grade  board,  10  inches  wide.    This 

board  would  have  graded  as  a  No.  3  but  for  the  red  heart 
which  shows  as  the  dark  streaks  in  the  heartwood. 

F.  Box  bark  strip.     The  bark  edge  show's  along  the  upper 

right-hand  edge  of  the  strip;  the  bark  has  been  trimmed 
from  the  lower  portion  of  the  piece. 

XIV.  Stand  fifty  to  sixty  years  old,  Quality  II,  on  permanent  loblolly 

pine  site,  which  was  culled  of  the  dominant  trees  fifteen  years 
ago.  This  stand,  consequently,  is  formed  of  the  intermediate 
and  suppressed  trees  of  the  original  stand  which  accounts 
for  the  very  clean  and  slender  stems.  Under  a  better  method 
of  cutting,  this  stand  would  have  produced  at  this  time 
35,000  board  feet  to  the  acre,  the  average  log  being  45  feet 
D.-S.,  and  yielding  more  than  60  per  cent  No.  3  grade  lumber 
and  better.  Desirable  type  of  seed  trees  marked  "S."  (Au- 
thor's illustration. )  136 

XV.  Unthinned  stand  80  years  old,  Quality  II,  on  permanent  loblolly 
pine  site,  in  process  of  lumbering.  Although  of  good  size,  the 
upper  logs  are  prevailingly  knotty.  This  stand  would  have 
been  benefited  by  the  removal  of  the  dominant  trees  25  to  30 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  Xlll 

FACING 

PLATE  PAGE 

years  ago.  Scale  of  average  log  about  50  feet  D.-S.  Such  a 
stand  will  yield  30  per  cent  of  lumber  of  Grades  No.  1  and 
No.  2.  Desirable  type  of  seed  trees  marked  "S."  (Author's 

illustration. )     136 

XVI.  Stand  25  to  30  years  old,  Quality  II,  before  being  thinned.  The 
large  knots  on  the  dominant  trees  are  noteworthy.  Trees  to 
be  removed  in  first  improvement  thinning  marked  "X."  (Au- 
thor's illustration.)  148 

XVII.  Stand  shown  in  Plate  XVI  after  a  combined  first  cutting  and 
improvement  thinning.  Most  of  the  knotty  dominant  trees 
have  been  cut,  leaving  the  stand  formed  entirely  of  slender, 
clean-stemmed  codominant  and  intermediate  trees.  These, 
with  increased  diameters,  will  yield  from  3  to  33/£  nearly 
clear  logs,  which  will  saw  out  approximately  the  same  type 
of  wood  as  that  shown  in  Plate  IX-B.  More  than  3,000  feet 
D.-S.  per  acre  were  removed  from  the  stand  in  this  cutting. 
The  average  log,  however,  scaled  less  than  12  feet.  (Au- 
thor's illustration.)  148 

XVIII.  Fire  Protection.    Surface  fire  in  pine  forest  stopped  by  plowing 

two  double  furrows 156 

XIX.  Unused  top  containing  a  sound  16-foot  log,  10  inches  in  diame- 
ter at  large  and  5  inches  at  small  end,  but  yielding  only  cull 
lumber  on  account  of  large  knots.  Such  a  top  is  forming  a 

serious  fire  menace.     (Author's  illustration.) 156 

XX.  A  loblolly  pine  stand,  Quality  II,  cut  to  a  12-inch  diameter,  a 
large  number  of  slender,  clean-stemmed,  intermediate  trees 
being  uncut.  Characteristic  condition  in  which  such  a  stand 
was  left  after  it  was  logged  by  means  of  wheels  in  the  decade 
preceding  1905.  Compare  Plates  VI-B  and  VIII.  The  lum- 
ber from  these  small  trees  at  the  date  of  the  cutting  would 
have  had  a  Norfolk  value  of  $13.60  per  M,  with  a  high  cost 
of  operation  on  account  of  the  small  size  of  the  logs,  less 
than  15  feet  b.  m.  Doyle-Scribner,  and  a  stumpage  value  of 
only  a  few  cents  per  M.  After  holding  15  years  these  trees 
have  a  stumpage  value  of  about  $2.40  per  M,  while  the  aver- 
age log  scales  between  40  and  50  board  feet.  This  is  an 
increase  in  value  of  practically  1,000  per  cent.  (Photo.  U. 

S.  Forest  Service.) 156 

XXI.  Condition  in  which  loblolly  pine  and  hardwood  swamp  forest 
was  left  after  being  logged  by  steam  skidder  in  the  manner 
of  cutting  which  prevailed  to  1905.  In  the  present  opera- 
tions cutting  is  closer  and  less  small  timber  is  left.  Note 
the  large  amount  of  inflammable  slash.  (Photo.  U.  S. 

Forest  Service. )    156 

XXII.  Open  mature  stand  of  loblolly  pine,  Quality  II.  Establishment 
of  pine  seedlings  prevented  by  fires.  Heavy  underwood  of 
oak  and  other  broadleaf  trees  growing  beneath  the  pine,  but 
periodically  top  killed  by  fire.  (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.)  156 


XIV  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PACING 
PLATE  PAGE 

XXIII.  Stand  similar  to  that  in  Plate  XXII  but  unburned  for  15  years. 

Tendency  of  scrubby  hardwoods  to  replace  pine.  Note  un- 
necessarily high  stumps;  and  old  fire  scar  on  butt  of  log  on 
right.  (Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 156 

XXIV.  Crown  cover  of  Loblolly  Pine.     Quality  I  stand,  70  years  old. 

Its  density  is  noteworthy.     (Author's  illustration.) 158 

XXV.  Crown  cover  of  Loblolly  Pine.  Quality  III  stand  in  old  field, 
age  50  years.  The  complete  isolation  of  the  crowns  is  char- 
acteristic. Groups  of  seedlings  are  beginning  to  establish 
themselves  under  such  a  canopy.  (Author's  illustration.) . . .  158 
XXVI.  Crown  cover  of  Loblolly  Pine,  Quality  II,  age  35  years.  Crowns 
well  developed  and  symmetrical.  Excellent  condition  for 

rapid  individual  growth.     (Author's  illustration.) 160 

XXVII.  Crown  cover  of  Loblolly  Pine,  Quality  II,  age  35  years.  Crowns 
small  but  stems  clean.  Stand  crowded,  in  urgent  need  of 
thinning  to  develop  large  crowns.  (Author's  illustration.) . .  160 


TEXT  FIGURES 


FIG.  PAGE 

1.  Distribution  of  loblolly  pine  and  shortleaf  pine  in  the  Southern 

States.     (Compiled  by  author.) 

2.  Distribution   of  loblolly  pine  in  North   Carolina.      (Prepared  by 

author. )     11 

a.  and  b.     Roots  of  mature  loblolly  pines  on  upland  clays.     (From 

Photo,  by  author.) 39 

c.  Two-year  old  loblolly  pine  seedling.     (From  Photo,  by  author.) ...         39 
4a.  Roots  of  loblolly  pine  saplings  on  dry  sandy  upland  soils.   (Adapted 

from  Photo,  by  J.  S.  Holmes. ) 39 

b.  Roots  of  loblolly  pine  on  moist  but  well  drained  sandy  loam  soils. 

Small  deep  seated  roots  extending  to  water  table.     (Adapted  by 
author  from  Photo  by  Von  Schrenk.) 39 

c.  Roots  of  loblolly  pine  on  wet  soils.     No  deep  seated  roots,  but  a 

great  mass  of  shallow  roots.     (From  sketch  made  from  nature.)         39 
5.     Relation  between  loblolly  pine  quality  sites  and  depth  of  water 

table  in  soils  of  different  texture.     (Author's  illustration.) 56 


PREFACE 


The  loblolly  or  Xorth  Carolina  pine  is  by  far  the  most  important  tree 
now  being  cut  for  lumber  in  Xortli  Carolina.  While  distributed  over 
only  the  eastern  half  of  the  state,  yet  this  tree  furnishes  more  than  half 
of  the  annual  lumber  cut  of  the  whole  state.  Most  of  the  lands  which 
many  years  ago  were  denuded  of  longleaf  pine  by  the  turpentine  opera- 
tors and  the  lumbermen  and  then  devastated  by  fires  and  hogs,  later 
came  up  to  loblolly  pine  and  now  50  to  100  years  later  are  furnishing 
another  and  a  more  remunerative  crop  of  timber. 

Loblolly  combines  all  the  essentials  for  an  ideal  forest  management 
tree.  It  seeds  profusely  and  regenerates  readily,  is  adapted  to  nearly 
all  types  of  soil,  grows  rapidly,  becomes  marketable  at  an  early  age, 
grows  densely,  making  large  yields  per  acre,  and  produces  material  for 
which  there  is  a  general  demand  at  a  fair  and  increasing  price. 

The  study  of  the  loblolly  or  Xorth  Carolina  pine  in  eastern  Xorth 
Carolina,  which  formed  the  basis  of  this  report,  was  made  jointly  by 
the  Forest  Service  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
the  Xorth  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey.  The  first  field 
work  was  begun  in  1898  and  the  entire  study  completed  in  1913. 

The  growth  and  volume  figures  apply  only  to  eastern  Xorth  Carolina. 
The  mill  studies  were  made  in  Gates,  Wayne,  Beaufort,  and  Pitt 
counties;  and  the  sample  plots  and  stem  analyses  were  made  in  twelve 
additional  counties:  Chatham,  Nash,  Northampton,  Washington,  Bertie, 
Craven,  Hyde,  Harriett,  Johnston,  Wake,  Fender,  Lenoir,  and  Onslow. 

A  considerable  part  of  the  original  field  data  was  collected  under  the 
immediate  direction  of  the  author  by  H.  S.  Curran  and  E.  A.  Cahoon 
of  the  Xortli  Carolina  Geological  Survey,  and  A.  K.  Mlodziansky,  of  the 
United  States  Forest  Service.  Some  of  the  mill  cut  data  were  collected 
by  Messrs.  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester  of  the  Xorth  Carolina  Geological  and 
Economic  Survey,  and'W.  D.  Sterrett,  of  the  Forest  Sendee.  In  the 
process  of  the  study  many  courtesies  were  extended  by  the  Hines  Bros. 
Lumber  Company  of  Kinston,  X.  C.,  Short  Lumber  Company  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  and  Lyon  &  Dennis  of  Suffolk,  Ya.,  while  information  in 
regard  to  prices  of  certain  grades  at  different  periods  was  furnished  by 
^1  r.  W.  B.  Roper,  Secretary  of  the  Xorth  Carolina  Fine  Association. 

This  bulletin  takes  up  the  growth  and  proper  forest  management  of 
loblolly  pine  in  Xorth  Carolina.  It  deals  with  the  occurrence  and 
silvical  requirements  of  the  tree,  its  growth  in  height,  diameter  and 
volume  on  different  soils  and  situations,  and  the  yields  which  can  be 
obtained  under  varying  conditions.  The  amount  of  lumber  of  different 
grades  which  can  be  cut  from  timber  of  different  ages  and  qualities  is 
also  shown  in  tabular  form. 


XVI  PREFACE. 

Under  forest  management  is  taken  up  the  determination  of  the  best 
age  at  which  to  cut  for  saw  timber  or  cordwood,  in  order  to  utilize  most 
profitably  the  forest  crop.  The  best  methods  of  cutting  in  order  that 
the  forests  may  be  perpetuated  is  discussed  for  the  different  types.  Pro- 
tection from  fire,  especially  for  the  young  growth,  is  advocated  and  the 
advisability  of  artificial  restocking  by  seeding  or  planting  is  considered. 

This  report  has  been  prepared  for  the  use  of  landowners  and  lumber- 
men alike,  and  is  designated  to  meet  the  needs  of  all  of  our  people  who 
are  in  any  way  interested  in  timber,  but  especially  those  in  the  eastern 
half  of  Xorth  Carolina. 

Two  bulletins  previously  issued  by  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  treat  of  this  tree  along  somewhat  different  lines  and  will 
be  found  helpful  to  read  in  connection  with  this  report.  "The  Loblolly 
Pine  in  Eastern  Texas,  With  Special  Reference  to  the  Production  of 
Cross-ties,"  by  Raphael  Zon,  Forest  Service  Bulletin  6-1,  was  published 
in  1905;  while  "Forest  Management  of  Loblolly  Pine  in  Delaware, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia,"  by  W.  D.  Sterrett,  Bulletin  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  No.  11  (new  series),  has  only  recently 
been  published.  The  present  report  should  have  been  issued  at  the 
same  time,  but  the  delay  in  publishing  this  has  been  much  greater  than 
was  anticipated.  JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT, 

State  Geologist. 


LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE 

(Pinus  taeda,  Linna-us) 

ITS  GROWTH  AND  MANAGEMENT 


BY  W.  W.  ASHE 


THE  TREE  AND  ITS  IDENTIFICATION. 

The  loblolly  or  North  Carolina  pine  grows  under  many  diverse  con- 
ditions which  affect  its  form,  size,  and  the  character  of  its  wood,  and  in 
-consequence  it  is  known  by  many  names.  The  general  use  of  the  name 
"North  Carolina  pine"  for  the  lumber  cut  from  the  tree  commonly  known 
as  "shortleaf  pine"  through  the  Coastal  Plain  region  of  North  Carolina 
would  seem  sufficient  excuse  for  adopting  the  use  of  one  or  both  these 
names  in  this  report. 

The  former  name  is  used  on  the  title  page  in  order  to  clearly  identify 
the  tree,  but  its  general  acceptance  is  not  recommended.  This  name  is 
applied  only  to  a  very  limited  extent  to  the  tree  itself,  while  the  name 
"loblolly  pine,"  though  not  often  used  locally  in  the  Carolinas  or  Vir- 
ginia, either  for  the  tree  or  its  lumber,  has  a  wide  and  ever-extending  use, 
not  only  by  foresters  but  by  readers  of  the  lumber  journals  and  the  public 
generally.  For  this  reason  and  because  it  is  the  only  name  which  is 
applied  exclusively  to  this  tree,  the  name  loblolly  is  used  throughout  the 
body  of  this  report,  notwithstanding  the  strong  arguments  for  continuing 
the  local  name  of  "shortleaf  pine — of  the  coast,"  or  adopting  the  lumber 
trade  name  of  "North  Carolina  pine." 

OTHER    COMMON    NAMES. 

Shortleaf  pine  and  Short  straw  pine,  names  usually  applied  to  the 
growing  tree  in  eastern  North  Carolina  and  farther  south,  are  used  to 
distinguish  loblolly  from  longleaf  pine.  In  the  middle  portion  of  North 
Carolina  and  in  the  hill  section  of  the  states  farther  south,  the  name 
shortleaf  pine  is  applied  to  a  different  tree  (P.  echinata}.  This  tree, 
however,  occurs  sparingly  in  the  Coastal  Plain,  where  it  is  known 
either  as  spruce  pine  or  rosemary  pine.  In  the  former  region  where  the 
loblolly  pine  occurs  it  is  sometimes  called  "longleaf"  pine. 

Old-field  pine,  a  name  applied  to  young  growth  of  loblolly  pine  on 
land  once  under  cultivation  in  eastern  North  Carolina  and  southward. 

Slash  pine,  a  name  common  in  Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  and  farther 
south,  refers  to  large  trees  with  thick  heartwood  which  occur  in  swamps 
in  mixture  with  hardwoods. 

Rosemary  pine,  a  name  infrequently  applied  to  large  trees  growing 
with  hardwoods  in  swamps;  more  generally  used  in  the  Coastal  Plain 
1 


»    2  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PISTE. 

to  designate  large  trees  of  Pinus  ecJiinata,  the  common  shortleaf  pine 
of  the  Piedmont  Region. 

Swamp  pine,  a  very  common  name  for  loblolly  pine  growing  in 
swamps. 

Sap  pine  and  black-bark  pine  are  names  applied  by  lumbermen  to 
young  growth  possessing  these  characteristics.  The  latter  name  is  ap- 
plied more  frequently  to  pocosoii  pine. 

On  the  eastern  shores  of  Maryland,  in  southeastern  Virginia,  and  in 
Piedmont  North  Carolina,  where  associated  writh  shortleaf,  scrub  and 
other  pines  having  much  shorter  leaves,  loblolly  pine  in  some  places  is 
known  as  longhaf  or  foxtail  pine. 

Botanically  the  tree  is  known  as  Pinus  taeda,  L.,  an  inappropriate 
term  so  far  as  the  specific  designation  is  concerned,  as  taeda  means  torch. 
The  torch  or  lightwood  pine  is  the  longleaf  pine.  The  latter  furnishes 
the  wood  for  light,  its  brands  until  recently  being  the  chief  source  of 
light  at  night  in  thousands  of  homes  in  the  Coastal  Plain  of  the  southern 
states. 

DISTINGUISHING    BOTANICAL    CHARACTERISTICS. 

There  are  three  pines  which  are  intimately  associated  with  the  loblolly 
pine  in  different  portions  of  the  Coastal  Plain  region,  and  as  two  of 
them  are  apt  to  be  confused  with  it,  the  following  characteristics  will 
be  found  of  assistance  in  separating  them : 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  II. 


2.3  .7  in  «A  e  s 

Branchlet  of  loblolly  or  North  Carolina  pine  with  old  cones  open  after  the  dispersal  of  seed  in  early  winter, 

and  small  cones  which  will  develop  next  season,  just  below  the  terminal  bud. 

Two-fifths  natural  size.      (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


DISTINGUISHING   CHARACTERISTICS  OF   LOBLOLLY  AND    ASSOCIATED    PINES    OF 
EASTERN    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Bark  and 

Branches  of  Ma- 

Leaves 

Cones 

Soil  Preference 

ture  Trees 

Loblolly  Pine 

Bark  on  large  trees 

Leaves  in  3s, 

Cones  oblong. 

Grows  nearly  ev- 

Shortleaf Pine  (of  the 

generally  more 

3  to  7  inches 

3  to  6  inches  long, 

erywhere,  except 

Coa- 

than  one  inch 

long. 

opening  soon 

on  the  wettest 

North  Carolina  Pine 

thick  at  stump; 

after  maturing 

sandy  and  peaty 

(Pinus  tceda). 

bright  red  brown, 

and  falling  from 

soils  and  on  sand 

broken  into  large 

the  tree. 

hills. 

oblong  plates; 

branches  ascend- 

ing except  on 

large  trees. 

Pocoson  Pine 

Bark  on  large 

Leaves  in  3s, 

Cones  oval, 

Wet,  sandy  soils, 

Pond  pine 

trees  seldom  one 

3  to  5  inches 

pointed,  2  to  4 

black  peaty  or 

Black  bark  pine 

inch  thick  at 

long. 

inches  long;  sel- 

muck lands. 

(Pinus  serotina). 

stump;  dark 

dom  opening, 

brown,  broken 

persistent  on  the 

into  square  or 

tree. 

roundish  plates; 

• 

branches  nearly 

horizontal. 

Longleaf  pine 

Bark  thin  and 

Leaves  in  3s, 

Cones  5  to  7  inches 

Sandhills  and 

Pitch  pine 

scaly,  not  ar- 

5 to  9  inches 

long,  opening  at 

sandy  or  clayey 

(Pinus  palustris.) 

ranged  in  plates. 

long. 

maturity  and  at 

soils  that  are 

bright,  red-brown 

once  falling  from 

not  too  wet. 

the  tree. 

Shortleaf  pine 

Bark  broken  into 

Leaves  usually 

Cones  about  2 

Well  drained, 

Spruce  pine 

oblong  plates; 

in  2s,  2  to  4 

inches  long, 

loamy,  clayey  or 

Rosemary  pine 

light  red-brown, 

inches  long. 

opening  at  ma- 

gravelly uplands. 

(Pinus  echinata). 

somewhat  scaly; 

turity,  persistent 

branches  ascend- 

on the  tree. 

ing  except  in  old 

trees. 

Very  young  trees  and  seedlings  of  the  pocoson  pine  when  growing  in 
dense  stands  in  mixture  with  loblolly  pine  are  not  easily  distinguished 
from  the  latter,  as  the  crowding  tends  to  cause  the  branches  of  both 
species  to  ascend  and  the  bark  of  the  young  pines  is  dark  and  furrowed. 
The  two  pines,  however,  are  very  distinct;  the  pocoson  pine  is  inferior 
in  every  respect  to  the  loblolly  pine.  This  is  generally  recognized  by  the 
lumbermen  who  know  that  the  pocoson  or  black-bark  pine,  especially  in 
large  stocks,  is  apt  to  be  defective;  either  very  knotty,  rotten  or  with 
redheart.  The  pocoson  pine  is  found  associated  with  the  loblolly  pine 


4  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

on  savannas  and  on  all  wet,  sandy,  coarse-grained  soils,  particularly 
below  an  elevation  of  100  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  shortleaf  pine  occurs  with  the  loblolly  pine,  chiefly  on  well- 
drained,  loamy,  gravelly  or  clayey  uplands.  In  the  coastal  plain  they 
are  most  frequently  associated  north  of  the  Neuse  River,  but  are  seldom 
found  together  to  the  southward,  except  on  hills  along  streams.  They 
are  found  together  on  the  oak  uplands  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Piedmont  plateau  region  on  well-drained,  loamy  or  gravelly  knolls  and 
hills,  where  the  shortleaf  pine  is  the  remnant  of  the  old  forest  and  the 
loblolly  pine  forms  a  portion  of  the  second  growth.  Only  in  a  few  local- 
ities are  all  four  pines  found  growing  together.  Near  the  coast  the 
loblolly,  pocoson,  and  longleaf  pines  are  sometimes  associated  on  sandy 
hummocks;  the  wettest  places,  however,  are  as  a  rule  occupied  by  the 
pocoson  pine;  the  pocoson  and  the  loblolly  pines  are  associated  on 
savannas  and  slightly  drier  knolls;  on  better  drained  soils  the  long- 
leaf  replaces  the  pocoson  pine  in  the  mixture  and  on  thoroughly  drained 
soils  only  the  longleaf  pine  is  found. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PISE. 

Loblolly  pine  is  the  most  important  timber  tree  in  southeastern  Vir- 
ginia, in  eastern  North  Carolina,  and  in  northeastern  South  Carolina 
north  of  Georgetown;  while  to  the  south  of  Georgetown  not  only  in 
South  Carolina  but  in  Georgia  and  westward  in  the  Gulf  States  its  im- 
portance is  yearly  increasing  with  the  decrease  in  the  supply  of  longleaf 
pine.  (See  Map,  Fig.  1.)  Its  value  and  its  importance  as  a  commercial 
tree  are  best  indicated  by  the  extent  of  the  lumber  industry  which  is 
dependent  upon  it  and  by  the  annual  output  of  North  Carolina  pine 
lumber  in  southeastern  Virginia,  in  North  Carolina  and  in  the  adjacent 
portion  of  South  Carolina.  While  no  attempt  is  made  in  the  census 
figures  to  separate  the  cuts  of  the  various  pines  which  are  sawed  in  this 
region,  all  of  them  being  grouped  under  the  head  of  yellow  pine,  it  is 
possible  to  approximate  closely  the  cut  of  loblolly  pine.  The  lumber  cut 
of  certain  counties  is  entirely  from  loblolly  pine  (the  shortleaf  pine  of 
the  coast)  and  that  of  other  counties  is  very  largely  from  this  species. 
In  southeastern  Virginia  the  cut  of  pine  in  1912  in  nine  counties  which 
are  within  the  loblolly  pine  belt  was  397,344,000  bd.  ft.  In  North  Caro- 
lina the  cut  of  pine  in  40  coastal  plain  pine  counties  was  1,079,061,000 
bd.  ft.  In  South  Carolina  in  15  counties  the  cut  north  of  Georgetown 
was  548,138,000  bd.  ft.  A  small  amount  of  the  pine  cut  in  these  nine 
counties  in  southeastern  Virginia  is  from  the  shortleaf  pine  (of  the 
Piedmont)  ;  in  North  Carolina  small  amounts  of  the  pine  cut  in  the 
coastal  plain  are  from  the  shortleaf  pine  and  from  the  longleaf  or 
pitch  pine;  in  South  Carolina  probably  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the 
pine  cut  of  the  counties  north  of  Georgetown  is  at  present  from  long- 


LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH    CAROLINA   PINE. 


6 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


leaf  pine.     The  cut  by  counties  for  nine  counties*  in  Virginia  south  of 
the  James  River  is  as  follows :  Board  F    t 

Isle  of  Wight 12,500,000 

Norfolk     100,683,000 


62,726,000 

5,600,000 

5,500,000 

98,425,000 

58,385,000 

13,525,000 

40,000,000 

Total  * 397,344,000 

The  cut  by  counties  for  40  counties  in  eastern  North  Carolina  is  as 
f  ollows : 


Nansemond  . . , 
Prince  George  . 
Princess  Anne 
Southampton  . 

Surry    

Sussex   

Greenesville   . 


Board  Feet. 

Beaufort    44,428,000 

Bertie    34,137,000 

Bladen     29,125,000 

Brunswick    16,877,000 

Camden     1,170,000 

Carteret    5,240,000 

Chowan    25,824,000 

Columbus     67,970,000 

Craven     107,209,000 

Cumberland    16,700,000 

Duplin     60,841,000 

Dare    4,000,000 

Edgecombe    7,112,000 

Gates     14,695,000 

Greene     2,600,000 

Halifax     41,290,000 

Harnett     32,360,000 

Hertford     17,980,000 

Hoke     1,700,000 

Hyde     1,881,000 

Johnston     45,460,000 


Board  Feet. 

Jones    20,790,000 

Lenoir    20,136,000 

Martin     9,795,000 

Nash    31,778,000 

New  Hanover    43,432,000 

Northampton     7,318,000 

Onslow     23,563,000 

Pamlico     22,109,000 

Pasquotank     49,950,000 

Fender    58,700,000 

Perquimans    23,627,000 

Pitt    8,510,000 

Robeson    43,761,000 

Sampson     66,917,000 

Scotland     2,960,000 

Tyrrell    1,390,000 

Washington     23,046,000 

Wayne    20,810,000 

Wilson 21,870,000 


Total 1,079,061,000 


The  cut  by  counties  for  15  counties  in  South  Carolina  north  of  George- 
town is  as  follows: 

Board  Feet. 

Beaufort    8,527,000 

Berkeley     13,265,000 

Charleston   48,343,000 

Colleton    64,384,000 

Darlington  82,373,000 

Dillon    6,075,000 

Dorchester  31,761,000 

Florence  21,310,000 

Georgetown   129,948,000 

Hampton    21,700,000 

Horry    28,472,000 

Lee 1,000,000 

Marion    54,235,000 

Marlboro    21,035,000 

Williamsburg    15,710,000 


Total  548,138,000 


*The  total  cut  of  yellow  pine  in  the  36  counties  of  eastern  Virginia  in  which  loblolly  pine  is  the 
prevailing  tree  is  about  1,200,000,000  board  feet.  It  is  probable  that  three-fourths  of  this  cut  is  from 
loblolly  pine. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  7 

The  pine  industries  of  southeastern  Virginia  and  northeastern  North 
Carolina  are  so  closely  associated  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  them. 
A  large  portion  of  the  logs  cut  in  northeastern  North  Carolina  is  manu- 
factured in  Virginia  chiefly  at  or  in  the  vicinity  of  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
Franklin,  Emporia,  and  Whaleyville.  It  is  estimated  that  175,000,000 
feet,  or  nearly  half  of  the  output  of  the  mills  in  this  section  of  Virginia, 
are  from  logs  brought  from  North  Carolina,  the  importations  being  dis- 
tributed approximately  as  follows :  50  per  cent  of  the  output  of  Nanse- 
inond  County ;  90  per  cent  of  the  output  of  Norfolk  County  and  60  per 
cent  of  the  output  of  Southampton  County.  Some  of  the  other  counties 
which  lie  on  or  near  the  state  line,  such  as  Greenesville,  also  obtain  small 
amounts  of  their  timber  from  North  Carolina.  It  is  conservative  there- 
fore to  say  that  the  cut  of  loblolly  pine  timber  in  North  Carolina  in 
1912  exceeded  1,250,000,000  board  feet.  The  timber  from  which  this 
was  cut  had  a  stumpage  value  of  not  less  than  $4,000,000,  while  the 
value  of  the  entire  output  of  loblolly  pine  in  North  Carolina  embracing 
both  the  lumber  delivered  on  the  cars  and  the  round  timber  which  was 
cut  in  the  State,  but  manufactured  outside,  amounted  to  more  than 
$16,000,000.  The  cut  of  North  Carolina  pine  lumber  in  North  Carolina 
has  probably  attained  its  maximum. 

Small  operators  still  cut  a  large  amount  of  North  Carolina  pine 
lumber.  Of  the  total  number  of  operations  there  were  in  1912  only  22 
in  North  Carolina  that  had  an  annual  cut  in  excess  of  10,000,000  board 
feet.  These  22  had  a  combined  cut  of  384,000,000  board  feet,  compared 
with  a  cut  of  695,061,000  board  feet  for  the  remaining  600  operations. 
At  the  same  time  in  the  counties  north  of  Georgetown  in  South  Caro- 
lina there  were  only  six  operations  that  had  an  output  in  excess  of  10,- 
000,000  board  feet,  and  in  the  nine  southeastern  counties  of  Virginia 
only  12  operations  had  outputs  of  this  volume. 

The  largest  single  operation  in  the  North  Carolina  pine  field  is  at 
Georgetown,  S.  C.,  with  an  estimated  output  of  about  100,000,000  board 
feet  a  year.  A  wood  alcohol  plant  is  operated  in  connection  with  this 
sawmill  to  utilize  the  waste.  The  Norfolk  District  embracing  the  five 
counties  of  Norfolk,  Nansemond,  Princess  Anne,  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
Southampton,  with  an  output  of  more  than  180,000,000  board  feet  a 
year,  still  maintains  its  supremacy  not  only  as  a  distributing  center  but 
also  as  a  producing  center. 

The  amount  of  mature  loblolly  pine  timber  in  North  Carolina  is  about 
15,000,000,000  board  feet.  This  pine  occupies  in  pure  growth  or  asso- 
ciated with  other  species  more  than  8,000  square  miles  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Since  the  rate  of  growth  of  this  species  even  under  present  un- 
favorable conditions  is  not  less  than  150  board  feet  per  acre  of  commer- 
cial saw-timber  a  year  replacement  is  at  the  rate  of  about  800,000,000 
board  feet  a  year  and  consequently  is  taking  place  at  more  than  half 
of  the  rate  of  utilization  for  lumber.  It  is  believed  that  if  the  forest 
lands  of  eastern  North  Carolina  were  being  well  managed  the  present 
cut  could  be  maintained  permanently. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  OF  COASTAL  PLAIN  AND  PIEDMONT  PLATEAU 

REGIONS. 

In  order  to  understand  the  distribution  of  the  loblolly  pine  in  North 
Carolina,  its  growth  under  various  conditions  and  the  systems  of  man- 
agement best  adapted  to  them,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  clear  idea  of  the 
topography  and  other  general  physical  characteristics  of  the  Coastal 
Plain  and  of  the  eastern  portions  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  regions. 

THE  COASTAL  PLAIN  REGION. 

The  coastal  plain  region  of  North  Carolina  extends  inland  from 
the  coast  for  a  distance  of  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles, 
and  has  an  aggregate  area  approximating  24,000  square  miles.  Its  sur- 
face is  that  of  a  gently  undulating  plain  of  slight  elevation  (10  to  50  feet 
above  sea  level)  and  nearly  level  eastward,  becoming  more  elevated 
(300  to  500  feet)  and  rolling  along  its  western  border.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast,  where  the  drainage  is  insufficient  to  remove  the  rain- 
fall rapidly,  there  are  extensive  areas  of  lowland  or  swamp,  with  clear, 
slowly  flowing,  or  stagnant  water.  These  are  mostly  forest  covered. 
Westward  the  fall  permits  a  more  thorough  drainage  and  the  swamps 
are  largely  restricted  to  narrow  strips  of  alluvial  land  contiguous  to 
the  streams  which  have  muddy,  rapidly  flowing  water  when  the  streams 
head  beyond  the  costal  plain,  and.  clear,  slow-flowing  water  when  the 
streams  head  within  the  coastal  plain.  These  swamps  of  the  muddy 
streams  extend  in  a  northwesterly  and  southeasterly  direction  through 
the  entire  coastal  plain.  The  total  swamp  area  of  the  coastal  plain 
region  in  North  Carolina  aggregates  nearly  4,600  square  miles. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  coastal  plain  are  unconsolidated  sands,  sandy 
loams,  silts  and  loams,  and  over  limited  areas  stiff  clays.  To  the  north 
of  the  Neuse  River  loams  and  heavier  soils  are  the  more  widely  distrib- 
uted upland  soils;  to  the  south  of  this  river  the  soils  are  generally  of  a 
sandy  type.  The  water  table  during  the  growing  season  is  seldom  as 
much  as  20  feet  below  the  surface,  except  in  the  tier  of  counties  which 
lies  just  east  of  the  Piedmont  and  in  the  sandy  and  hilly  region  of 
Moore,  Cumberland,  Richmond,  and  the  adjoining  counties.  The  soils 
in  the  swamps,  except  those  of  alluvial  origin,  are  prevailingly  of  the 
same  general  textures  as  those  of  the  uplands,  but  with  a  mucky  or  peaty 
top  soil,  or  peaty  throughout.  The  soils  of  the  alluvial  swamps  border- 
ing the  large  streams,  which  have  their  headwaters  beyond  the  coastal 
plain  region,  are  silty  with  a  varying  admixture  of  vegetable  matter. 

The  soils  of  the  coastal  plain  which  are  occupied  by  loblolly  pine  are 
practically  all  available  for  farming  with  the  exception  of  the  sand 
dunes  on  the  banks  and  some  of  the  river  swamps  which  are  subject  to 
periodic  and  deep  flooding.  Many  of  the  best  loblolly  pine  soils  require 
artificial  drainage  before  they  can  be  profitably  farmed.  There  is  little 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA   PINE.  9 

doubt,  however,  that  eventually  the  larger  portion  of  all  of  the  land  now 
in  loblolly  pine  will  be  cleared  and  placed  in  cultivation. 

In  the  Coastal  Plain  Eegion  the  average  annual  temperature  is 
about  61°  F.,  with  a  normal  range  of  36°  F.  The  winters  are  com- 
paratively mild,  the  temperature  seldom  falling  below  15°  F.  The 
average  temperature  during  the  five  growing  months  is  74°  F.  The 
average  annual  rainfall  is  about  fifty-five  inches,  the  seasonal  distribu- 
tion being  heavier  in  the  spring  and  summer  than  in  the  autumn  and 
winter.  The  region  of  heaviest  precipitation  and  greatest  humidity  lies 
eastward  of  a  north  and  south  line  through  New  Bern  and  Wilmington. 
The  rainfall,  while  heavy,  is  irregular  and  concentrated,  and  the  snow- 
fall scant,  although  sleet  is  frequent.  The  atmospheric  humidity  is 
high,  especially  during  the  summer. 

PIEDMONT   PLATEAU    REGION. 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  Piedmont  plateau  region,  which  is  the 
portion  in  which  loblolly  pine  occurs  most  frequently,  is  more  rugged 
and  its  topography  rougher  than  that  of  the  coastal  plain.  Its  eleva- 
tion varies  from  350  to  600  feet  above  sea  level.  In  general  its  surface 
is  rolling  though  along  the  streams  and  in  some  other  places  there  are 
bold  hills. 

On  the  uplands  the  predominating  soils  may  be  described  as  loams  and 
clays,  sandy  and  gravelly  in  some  places,  but  generally  with  much  stiffer 
red  or  yellow  subsoil,  formed  by  the  decay  in  situ  of  slates,  gneisses, 
(hornblende-bearing)  schists,  pegmatites,  and  other  crystalline  rocks; 
while  over  some  limited  areas  sandy  soils  occur  derived  from  sandstone 
and  granite.  Along  the  numerous  small  streams  are  narrow,  alluvial 
deposits,  moist,  dark-colored  loams,  containing  a  variable  proportion  of 
organic  matter.  Along  the  larger  streams  these  fluvial  deposits  are  often 
clayey  or  silty.  All  soils  occupied  by  the  loblolly  pine  in  the  Piedmont 
plateau  region,  except  where  too  rough  or  steep  are  suitable  for  farming. 

The  average  annual  temperature  for  the  region  is  somewhat  less  than 
that  of  the  coastal  plain,  being  about  59°  F.;  the  annual  rainfall  is  only 
about  fifty  inches,  and  the  humidity  is  lower.  The  water  table  is  from 
30  to  50  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  hill  summits,  while  the  surface 
drainage  is  far  superior  to  that  of  the  coastal  plain,  swamps  being 
limited  to  the  borders  of  the  streams.  The  average  temperature  during 
the  five  growing  months  is  73°  F. 

COMMERCIAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  commercial  distribution  of  the  loblolly  pine  in  North  Carolina  is 
from  Granville,  Person,  Orange,  Chatham,  and  Union  counties,  some- 
what east  of  the  center  of  the  State,  eastward  and  southeastward  to  the 
coast,  where  it  occurs  over  a  total  area  of  not  less  than  30,000  square 
miles.  As  a  commercial  tree  it  is  largely  absent,  however,  from  Cum- 
berland, Moore,  Richmond,  and  Hoke  counties  in  eastern  North  Caro- 


10  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

lina,  which  have  prevailing  dry  sandy  soils.  There  are  also  less  ex- 
tensive areas  of  swamp  in  which  it  does  not  occur.  But  it  is  capable 
of  growing  as  a  commercial  tree  on  22,000  square  miles  of  this  area 
(See  map,  Fig.  2.)  In  Virginia  it  is  the  prevailing  species  south  and 
east  of  Petersburg  and  Lunenburg,  covering  the  southeastern  portion 
of  the  state,  while  to  the  north  of  Petersburg  it  is  common  along  and 
near  Chesapeake  Bay,  on  both  the  eastern  and  western  shores.  In 
South  Carolina  it  is  common  south  and  east  of  Chester  wherever  the 
soil  and  moisture  conditions  are  suitable  for  its  growth. 


ORIGINAL    FOREST. 


In  the  coastal  plain  the  loblolly  pine  was  originally  largely  confined 
to  the  following  situations:  (1)  River  swamps,  where  it  occurred  on  the 
best  drained  portions,  as  single  trees  in  mixture  with  hackberry,  sweet 
gum,  red  maple,  white  and  red  oaks,  deep  swamp  ash,  and  water  gum; 
(2)  shallow  interior  swamps  with  loamy  soils  where  it  grew  in  groups  of 
a  few  trees,  or  more  generally  single  trees,  among  maple,  water  oaks,  and 
gums;  (3)  shallow  swamps  with  stiff  soils,  where  single  trees  occurred 
irregularly  distributed  among  white  oaks  and  red  oaks,  ash,  elm,  holly, 
white  bay,  beech,  and  gums;  (4)  deep  swamps,  in  which  it  was  not  com- 
mon and  where  it  occurred  with  cypress,  water  gum,  and  water  ash; 
(5)  hummocks  and  the  edges  of  swamps,  savannas,  and  pocosons,  where 
on'a  wide  range  of  moist  soils  of  sand,  silt,  clay  or  peat,  it  grew  sparingly 
with  longleaf  and  pocoson  pines;  (6)  best  grade  of  loams,  silts,  clays 
(Portsmouth  soil  series)  and  peaty  soils  seldom  subject  to  flooding,  with 
the  water  table  usually  from  five  to  eight  feet  below  the  surface  where 
it  formed  compact  groups  or  stands  covering  many  acres;  (7)  on  peaty 
soils  where  it  occurred  with  yellow  poplar,  white  cedar  (juniper),  white 
bay,  sweet  bay,  and  sweet  gum. 

Specimens  of  best  development  (Plate  I,  Frontispiece)  are  met  with 
in  shallow  swamps  on  clayey  or  loamy  soil  growing  with  mixed  hard- 
woods. The  pure  groves  on  well-drained  peaty  soil  are  mostly  formed 
of  comparatively  young  and  small  trees  from  100  to  150  years  old  and 
in  even-aged  stands.  There  are  traditions  supported  by  other  evidence, 
that  these  pure  groves  on  the  peaty  lands  have  followed  old  fires.  Under 
natural  conditions  it  is  probable  that  this  species  did  not  form  extensive 
pure  forests  in  ISTorth  Carolina  except  in  the  extreme  northeastern  sec- 
tion. Loblolly  pine  was  absent  from  the  best  drained  soils  which  were 
occupied  by  the  longleaf  pine  in  the  coastal  plain  and  by  mixed  hard- 
woods and  shortleaf  pine  in  the  Piedmont  plateau  region. 

In  the  Piedmont  plateau  the  original  growth  of  loblolly  pine  was 
chiefly  confined  to  the  forests  of  the  narrow  stream  swamps  of  the  east- 
ern portion  of  the  plateau.  It  formed  only  a  very  small  proportion  of 
the  timber  in  these  forests  which  are  distinctively  of  hardwoods.  While 
most  abundant  in  the  Piedmont  along  its  eastern  edge,  isolated  trees 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


11 


12  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

have  been  found  on  alluvial  lands  as  far  west  as  the  eastern  end  of  Surry 
County  and  at  an  altitude  of  about  700  feet,  although  500  feet  is  the 
prevailing  altitudinal  limit  in  oSTorth  Carolina. 

PRESENT    FOREST. 

Accidental  influences,  largely  circumstances  incidental  to  the  settling 
and  development  of  the  country,  and  other  influences  which  have  fol- 
lowed these,  have  enabled  the  tree,  by  means  of  its  prolific  and  early  seed- 
ing and  rapid  growth,  to  become  locally  far  more  widely  distributed  and 
much  more  abundant  than  in.  the  original  forest.  The  most  important 
of  these  influences  which  have  facilitated  the  reproduction  and  distribu- 
tion of  this  species  have  been  the  abandonment  of  farming  lands,  fires, 
lumbering,  and  live  stock,  especially  hogs.  On  account  of  its  adaptabil- 
ity, loblolly  pine  has  increased  in  abundance  in  wet  situations  as  well  as 
on  dry  sites.  In  swamps  it  has  often  followed  cypress,  when  cypress  was 
cut,  wherever  standing  water  during  the  growing  season  did  not  prevent 
the  pine  from  establishing  itself.  When  hardwoods  on  the  coastal 
plain  were  culled,  or  severely  burned,  loblolly  pine  became  more  abun- 
dant in  the  hardwood  forests,  until  its  young  growth  is  now  common,  both 
on  the  uplands  and  in  the  swamps.  It  has  extensively  replaced  the  long- 
leaf  pine,  except  on  the  dryest  or  sandiest  soils.  "When  the  longleaf  pine 
died  after  being  exhausted  by  turpentine  or  was  broken  down  by  the 
wind,  or  where  it  was  burned  or  thinned  by  lumbering,  the  loblolly  pine 
succeeded  it  on  all  moist,  loamy,  or  clay  soils.  At  the  same  time  hogs 
destroyed  the  seeds  and  seedlings  of  the  longleaf  pine,  while  both  seed  and 
seedlings  of  loblolly  were  largely  neglected,  the  former  because  of  their 
small  size  and  the  latter  because  the  roots  are  tough  and  fibrous.  The 
loblolly  pine  now  occupies  in  nearly  pure  forests,  much  of  it  more  than 
100  years  old,  practically  all  of  the  cutover  longleaf  pine  lands  north  of 
the  Neuse  River,  and  a  great  proportion  of  the  longleaf  pine  lands  south 
of  the  Neuse  River  and  east  of  Fayetteville  and  Laurinburg,  and  i? 
gradually  invading  the  sandhills  of  Moore,  Cumberland,  and  Richmond 
counties.  Worn-out  farming  lands  exhausted  of  humus,  which  have  been 
turned  to  fallow,  and  lands  which  have  been  found  too  poor  or  often  too 
wet  to  cultivate,  or  which  were  abandoned  on  account  of  scarcity  of 
labor,  have  been  stocked  with  loblolly  pine  by  means  of  self-sown  seed 
whenever  seed-bearing  trees  were  near  by.  Thus  this  pine  has  become 
extensively  distributed,  and  while  100  years  ago  the  longleaf  pine  was 
the  characteristic  forest  tree  in  the  Coastal  Plain  Region  of  !N"orth  Caro- 
lina, at  present  the  loblolly  pine  is  the  prevailing  tree;  and  its  relative 
abundance  and  importance  are  steadily  increasing. 

The  distribution  of  the  loblolly  pine  has  also  been  extended  in  the 
Piedmont  plateau,  though  not  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  coastal  plain. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Piedmont  plateau  it  has  established  itself  in 
old  fields,  often  in  association  with  shortleaf  pine,  and  in  stands  of  hard- 
woods which  have  been  culled.  It  is  now  abundant  in  the  second  growth 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA   PINE.  13 

stands  on  the  hills  near  the  rivers  and  is  gradually  extending  away  from 
the  streams,  in  spite  of  the  increasing  dryness  of  the  soil. 

The  growth  in  the  old  fields  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Piedmont 
plateau  in  many  places  is  nearly  pure  loblolly  pine.  Where  young  trees 
of  the  shortleaf  pine  appear  they  are  often  overtopped  and  suppressed, 
being  outnumbered  and  overgrown  by  the  loblolly  pine.  To  the  west- 
ward, however,  there  are  fewer  seed  trees,  and  where  there  is  competition 
between  the  two  species,  the  shortleaf  pine  has  the  advantage,  except  on 
moist  or  sandy  soils. 

ASSOCIATED  SPECIES. 

With  such  a  wide  range  of  soil  adaptability  loblolly  pine  is  associated 
with  many  species  and  is  a  component  of  many  forest  types.  In"  the 
mixed  stands  in  the  swamps  and  on  poorly  drained  sites  some  of  the 
associated  species  are  fully  as  valuable  as  the  pine  and  are  well  adapted 
to  silvicultural  purposes.  Other  species  are  less  valuable  than  the  lob- 
lolly. The  following  list  gives  the  most  important  associated  species. 

LIST  or  THE  MOST   IMPORTANT   SPECIES  ASSOCIATED  WITH   LOBLOLLY 
PIXE  IN  ORDER  OF  THEIR  RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE. 

TREES. 

Longleaf  pine Pinus  palustris. 

Shortleaf,  spruce  or  rosemary  pine Pinus  echinata. 

Sweet  or  red  gum Liquidambar  styraciflua. 

Water  gum    At/ssa  aquatica. 

Southern   red  oak Quercus  digitata. 

Swamp  red  oak Quercus  pagodcefolia. 

Pocoson,  black  bark  or  pond  pine Pinus  serotina. 

Red  maple Acer  rubrum  tridens. 

Yellow  poplar   Liriodendron  tulipifera. 

Water  oak   Quercus  nigra. 

Green  ash  Fraxinus  lanceolata. 

Deep  swamp  ash Fraxinus  profunda. 

Water  ash    Fraxinus  caroliniana. 

White  elm    Ulmus  americana. 

White  hickory  Hicoria  alba. 

Sand  hickory Hicora  pallida. 

White  oak    Quercus  alba. 

Swamp  white  or  swamp  chestnut  oak Quercus  Michauxii. 

Post  oak   Quercus  minor. 

Round  leaf  blackjack  oak Quercus  marylandica. 

Forked  leaf  or  sand  blackjack  oak Quercus  Catesbcei. 

Runner  oak Quercus  Margaretta. 

Black  gum   Nyssa  sylvatica. 

Tupelo  gum   Nyssa  uniflora. 

Cottonwood    Populus  deltoides. 

SHRUBS. 

Gallberry    Hex  glabra. 

Tall  gallberry Ilex  luci'in. 

Fetterbush    .  Andromeda,  several  species. 


14 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


FOREST   TYPES. 

Wherever  similar  soil  and  moisture  conditions  prevail  there  is  a 
definite  association  of  species.  This  association  which  is  called  a 
forest  type  remains  practically  constant  until  the  natural  conditions  are 
disturbed  by  fire,  cattle,  lumbering,  or  other  causes.  The  type  is  formed 
of  those  species  which  are  best  suited  to  soil  and  moisture  conditions, 
but  this  does  not  necessarily  mean  that  the  natural  mixture  of  species 
would  be  the  most  profitable  one  or  the  most  desirable  one  economically 
for  that  site.  The  rate  of  growth  of  the  different  species  which  form 
a  type  is  practically  always  the  same  in  that  type,  and  the  yield  of  the 
type  at  a  given  age  is  constant. 

Table  1  shows  the  composition  of  the  important  commercial  forest 
types  of  the  coastal  plain  of  North  Carolina  and  their  relation  to  soil 
and  drainage.  The  great  number  of  forest  types  in  which  loblolly  pine 
occurs  is  noteworthy  as  showing  the  virility  and  aggressiveness  of  this 
species. 

TABLE  I — CHARACTERISTIC  FOREST  TYPES  OP  EASTERN   NORTH  CAROLINA  ACCORDING  TO  SOIL 

AND  DRAINAGE. 


When  drained 

Drainage 

Best  Clay  Soils, 
Fine-grained  Stiff 
Loams  or  Marls 

Good  Agricultural 
Soils,  Loams, 
Sandy  Loams, 

Sands,  Coarse  or 
Medium-grained 

Peaty  Soils, 
Mucks 

Medium  to  Fine- 

G  rained 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

Very  dry  and  well 

Hardwoods,  small 

Shortleaf  pine  with 

Sand  hills  with 

drained;  rolling  or 

red,  post  and 

small  oaks,  espe- 

longleaf pine  and 

hilly,  (as  stream 

roundleaf  black 

cially  Q.  margar- 

sand  blackjack 

bluffs);  water- 

jack  oaks,  hickories 

etta  and  hickories. 

oak.     Loblolly 

table  below  20  ft. 

with  some  short- 

Occasionally  long- 

pine  is  infrequent 

Both  surface  and 

leaf  pine.     (Young 

leaf  pine  inter- 

even in  old  fields. 

subsoil  drainage 

loblolly  pine  ap- 

mixed.    (Young 

Longleaf  pine 

good. 

pearing  in  open- 

loblolly pine  in 

sand  hills. 

ings.)  Oak  and 

openings.) 

pine  uplands. 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

Longleaf  piney 

Longleaf  pine  of 

Longleaf  pine  of 

Longleaf  pine, 

woods  and  flat- 

fine  quality  pass- 

best quality,  with 

pure.     Pine  bar- 

woods; moist  sub- 

ing with  poorer 

dogwood  and  post 

rens. 

soils;  water-table 

drainage  into  hard- 

oak.   The  longleaf 

seldom  below  20  ft. 

woods;  pine  and           largely  replaced 

Surface  drainage 

post  oak  flatwoods. 

by  loblolly  pine, 

good.  Subsoil  drain- 

which now  forms 

age  slow. 

extensive  forests; 

or  when  water 

table  is  stable  near 

surface,  pure  lob- 

lolly pine.     Flat- 

woods. 

LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 

TABLE  I — ('<ini!nni',l. 


15 


When  drained 

Drainage 

Best  Clay  Soils, 
Fine-grained  Stiff 
Loams  or  Marls 

Good  Agricultural 
Soils,  Loams, 
Sandy  Loams, 
Medium  to  Fine 

Sands,  Coarse  or 
Medium-grained 

Peaty  Soils, 
Mucks 

grained 

(7) 

(7a) 

(7b) 

(7c) 

Loblolly  pine  (short- 

Loblolly  pine  in 

Loblolly  pine  of 

Loblolly  pine  in 

Loblolly  pine 

leaf  pine  of  the 

large  pure  groups 

good  quality,  pure. 

pure  groups 

in  pure 

coast)  forest.    Very 

Natural,  perma- 

groups on 

moist  subsoil. 

nent  or  reproducing 

best  drained 

Water  table  seldom 

pine  lands. 

sites. 

below  12  ft.  Surface 

drainage  poor. 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(ID 

Clear  or  discolored 

Oaks,  beech,  hick- 

Water oaks,  cypress, 

Loblolly  pine, 

Sour  peats, 

water,  shallow 

ory,  red  maple, 

red  maple,  water 

pure,  passing  into 

white  cedar, 

swamps;  slow 

deep  swamp  ash, 

gum;  loblolly  pine. 

white  cedar,  ma- 

poplar, red 

drainage,  standing 

water  gum,  sweet 

The  pine  less  fre- 

ple, bay,  small 

maple  and 

water  during  part 

gum,  white  bay, 

quent  and  smaller, 

water  gum. 

bays.    Water 

of  the  year.     Sub- 

cypress, loblolly 

as  the  drainage 

Cedar  or  juniper 

table  stable. 

ject  to  slight  over- 

pine, singly  or  in 

becomes  poorer 

swamps. 

Cedar 

flow.    Surface 

groups.     The  pine 

and  cypress  and 

swamps, 

drainage  very  poor 

less  frequent  and 

water  gum  more 

bays. 

even  in  summer. 

smaller  as  the 

abundant.     Flat 

drainage  becomes 

swamps. 

poorer.    Flat 

swamps,  hardwood 

flats. 

(12) 

(13) 

(13a) 

(14) 

Clear  or  discolored 

Large  cypress,  water 

Large  cypress,  water 

Same  as  No.  13 

Mucks,  large 

water,  deep 

and  tupelo  gums, 

and  tupelo  gums, 

but  trees  much 

cypress,  wa- 

swamps, ponds, 

deep  swamp  ash 

deep  swamp,  water 

smaller.    Much 

ter  and  tupelo 

and  slow  flowing 

and  red  maple, 

ashes  and  red  ma- 

water ash. 

gums,  red 

streams.  Water  sel- 

occasional loblolly 

ple,  occasional  lob- 

maple, occa- 

dom below  the  sur- 

pines where  drain- 

lolly pines. 

sional  loblolly 

face. 

age  be-3t.    Cypress 

Cypress  swamps. 

pines. 

swamps. 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

Nearly  saturated 

Small  pocoson  pine 

Pocoson  pine  and 

Pocoson  pine  and 

Raw  peats, 

level  lands;  the 

and  bays.    Bays. 

bays.  Pocosons. 

longleaf  pine; 

pocoson  pine 

pocosons  or  briary 

Pocosons.  Where 

Where  best  drained, 

loblolly  pine 

and  bays. 

bays,  and  reedy 

best  drained, 

savannas. 

scantily  replac- 

Moss bogs, 

bogs.  Water  table 

savannas. 

ing  them  on  the 

quaking  bogs. 

fluctuating.  Aera- 

best sites. 

Pocosons. 

tion  deficient. 

Pocosons. 

16  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

TABLE  I — Continued. 


Alluvial  soils  along 


overflow  irregular 


The  character  of  the  growth  much  the  same  as  that  on  clear  water,  shadow 


the  muddy  rivers —         swamps  (8  and  9),  but  conifers  and  evergreen  trees   are  infrequent,  prob- 


ably  on  account  of  the  destruction  of  their  foliage  by  its  being  covered  with 


and  often  deep — 3     I      a  coating  of  mud.      Silver  maple,  hackberry,  sycamore,  green  ash,  elm, 
to  30  feet.  oaks  and  gums.    In  sloughs  where  there  is  much  standing  water,  tupelo. 


Water  surface  widely 


The  pine  barren  ponds  which  may  be  deeply  flooded  during  winter  and  spring 


fluctuating.  No  sur-  j      or  after  rains  but  in  which  the  water  table  may  sink  to  10  feet  during 
face  drainage.  droughts,  have  a    growth   limited  to   the  pond  cypress   (Taxodium  dis- 

tichum  imbricarium)  water  gum  and  black  gum. 


The  optimum  conditions  for  the  development  of  individual  trees  of 
loblolly  pine  are  offered  by  sites  8  and  9,  on  which  occur  trees  of  large 
size  either  in  small  groups  or  scattered  singly  among  the  hardwoods. 
The  optimum  conditions  for  the  development  of  pure  stands  are  offered 
by  sites  7.  to  7c.  On  these  sites  there  is  less  competition  from  the  hard- 
woods and  loblolly  pine  is  truly  gregarious,  dominating  to  the  practical 
exclusion  of  other  trees. 

Between  the  typical  conditions  there  .are  gradations  of  all  kinds. 
When  the  forest  is  lumbered  or  severely  burned,  its  distinctive  char- 
acters are  often  almost  obliterated,  though  the  constant  tendency,  when 
natural  forces  are  permitted  to  re-assert  themselves,  is  for  the  reestab- 
lishment  of  the  original  forest  type.  Near  the  coast,  a  number  of  these 
conditions  will  sometimes  be  represented  on  an  area  of  less  than  an  acre. 
In  addition  to  the  above  original  or  permanent  types  there  are  four 
important  temporary  types:  (1)  mixed  oak  and  hickory,  which  have 
followed  pine  on  loams  and  clays;  (2)  Quercus  Margaretta  and  round- 
leaf  blackjack  oak,  which  have  followed  pine  on  dry  sandy  loams;  (3) 
sand  blackjack  oak  which  has  followed  longleaf  pine  on  sand  hills; 
(4)  loblolly  pine  in  old  fields  and  on  cut-over  longleaf  pine  land. 
These  pure  stands  of  loblolly  in  old  fields  and  on  cut-over  longleaf  pine 
lands  are  very  extensive,  and  occupy  all  classes  of  soils ;  they  are  of  all 
ages  and  are  in  every  condition  of  thrift  and  density,  and  constitute  an 
important  source  of  pine  timber. 

The  conditions  under  which  the  loblolly  pine  occurs,  as  shown  in 
Table  1,  may  be  grouped  for  convenience  under  seven  heads  as  follows : 

(1)  Old  field  growth  on  dry  sites ; 

(2)  Loblolly  pine  in  pure  stands  on  porous  loams  and  peaty  soils 

(Table  1,  numbers  7  and  10,  in  part)  ; 

(3)  Loblolly  pine  on  longleaf  pine  flat  lands   (Table  1,  numbers  4 

to  6)'; 

(4)  Loblolly  pine  with  hardwoods  in  swamps  chiefly  in  the  coastal 

plain  (Table  1,  numbers  8  and  9)  ; 

(5)  Loblolly  pine  with  pocoson  pine  on  savannas  (Table  1,  numbers 

15  to  16)  ; 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  17 

(6)  Loblolly  pine  with  cypress  in  deep  swamps  (Table  1,  numbers 

12  to  14)  ; 

(7)  Loblolly  pine  in  hardwood  and  shortleaf  pine  forests  chiefly  on 

the  Piedmont  uplands  (Table  1,  numbers  1,  2). 

OLD  FIELD  GROWTH   ON  DRY  SITES. 

These  sites  were  originally  occupied  by  longleaf  pine  or  by  shortleaf 
pine  mixed  with  upland  oaks  and  hickories.  The  longleaf  pine  sites, 
which  are  confined  to  the  coastal  plain,  are  for  the  most  part  heavy 
upland  clays  and  coarse  upland  sands  (largely  Norfolk  sand)  ;  they  are 
of  the  greatest  extent  south  of  Neuse  River.  The  shortleaf  pine  sites 
are  largely  restricted  to  the  eastern  tier  of  Piedmont  counties,  but  ex- 
tend into  the  coastal  plain  in  Halifax,  Northampton,  and  Nash  coun- 
ties. The  soils  for  the  most  part  are  loams  or  heavier  soils  of  the  Cecil 
and  Durham  series,  the  water  table  as  a  rule  lying  between  20  and  45  feet 
beneath  the  surface.  These  lands  have  been  cultivated,  but  after  the 
exhaustion  of  the  scant  humus  they  were  found  too  poor  and  were  aban- 
doned; later  they  were  stocked  by  wind-sowed  seed  of  loblolly  pine. 
Some  stands  on  sites  on  which  longleaf  pine  formed  the  original  forest 
contain  an  admixture  of  longleaf  pine;  and  on  sites  which  were  origi- 
nally occupied  by  shortleaf  pine  and  upland  hardwoods,  an  admixture 
of  shortleaf  pine. 

Table  2  shows  the  range  of  diameters  and  the  composition  of  charac- 
teristic stands  of  loblolly  pine  in  upland  old  fields. 


18 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    FIXE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  19 

Loblolly  pine  attains  on  the  upland  old  field  sites  a  height  of  from 
60  to  80  feet,  a  range  of  diameters  of  from  12  to  22  inches,  and  an  age 
of  75  years.  The  rate  of  growth  is  extremely  rapid  for  several  decades, 
far  more  rapid  than  on  similar  uncultivated  soils,  after  which  there  is 
an  abrupt  decline  in  the  rate  of  height  as  well  as  diameter  growth. 
(Table  14,  Column  4,  and  Table  18,  Column  4.)  The  total  volume  of 
the  stand  culminates  between  the  fortieth  and  sixtieth  years,  according 
to  the  site.  At  the  time  of  culmination  not  only  has  the  growth  in 
height  practically  ceased  and  the  rate  of  diameter  growth  declined  to 
about  an  inch  a  decade,  but  the  stand  has  begun  to  disintegrate  by  the 
•  lying  of  the  dominant  trees.  The  growth  of  such  a  stand  may  be 
Quality  I  for  the  first  two  decades;  Quality  II  for  the  third  decade; 
jifter  which  it  may  decline  to  Quality  III.  (See  p.  57.) 

On  account  of  the  open  crown  cover,  oaks  and  other  upland  hard- 
woods gradually  enter  the  stand.  In  stands  more  than  40  years  old 
these  species  often  form  a  moderately  dense  lower  story  beneath  the 
pines.  When  the  loblolly  pine  is  cut,  they  partly  replace  the  loblolly 
pine,  being  supplemented  either  by  longleaf  or  shortleaf  pine.  These 
species  largely  form  the  succeeding  stands  unless  special  means  are  taken 
to  secure  loblolly  pine.  The  forest  thus  tends  to  revert  to  the  original 
or  permanent  types. 

On  account  of  the  rapid  thinning  out  of  the  stand,  the  trees  are  short 
bodied  and  scrubby.  (Plate  III,  A.)  The  trees  yield  two  or  three  logs 
mostly  of  third  and  fourth  grades.  The  wood  is  coarse  grained  and 
knotty,  making  largely  box  lumber.  (Plate  XII.)  Unthinned  stands 
will  seldom  yield  more  than  20  per  cent  lumber  of  No.  3  grade  and 
better. 

(For  description  of  log  grades,  see  page  98;  of  lumber  grades,  page 
100.) 

LOBLOLLY   PINE   IN   PURE   STANDS   ON   POROUS   LOAMS   AND   PEATY   SOILS. 

This  type  comprises  a  very  large  portion  of  the  productive  loblolly 
pine  forests  of  North  Carolina.  It  occurs  on  small  flats  or  basins  which 
are  comparatively  well-drained  and  seldom  flooded  for  a  long  period 
or  for  more  than  a  few  inches,  or  it  occupies  extensive  areas  of  upland 
which  are  mostly  near  the  coast.  The  soils  are  largely  sandy  loams, 
clayey,  or  silty  (Portsmouth  soil  series),  or  they  are  peaty,  humified, 
with  some  silt  or  clay  intermixed,  or  with  marl  subsoil.  The  water  table 
seldom  sinks  below  twelve  feet.  These  are  the  so-called  "permanent, 
natural  or  reproducing"  pine  lands.  These  sites  furnish  the  optimum 
conditions  for  the  development  of  pure  stands.  There  is  situated  within 
this  type  a  large  area  of  poorly  drained  old  fields  on  which  loblolly  pine 
has  the  same  rate  of  growth  as  on  forest  soils  of  the  same  class.  A  great 
portion  of  the  soil  occupied  by  this  type  of  forest  has  been  placed  under 
cultivation,  and  such  areas  as  are  suitable  for  tillage  are  still  being 
drained  and  cleared  as  rapidly  as  they  are  logged.  It  is  best  suited  to 
the  growing  of  corn. 


20 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


In  their  typical  condition  the  forests  on  these  lands  are  in  pure  even- 
aged  stands  or  groups,  or  the  pine  is  associated  with  occasional  gums, 
water  oaks,  and  yellow  poplars,  but  it  is  always  the  predominating  spe- 
cies in  the  stand.  Although  the  hurnus  is  deep  the  soil  is  sufficiently 
moist  for  young  groAvth  to  come  up  freely  and  young  trees  appear  in  large 
even-aged  groups  where  old  trees  have  died  or  have  heen  cut.  Beneath 
the  pine  there  is  generally  a  dense  undergrowth  of  gall  berries  and 
ericaceous  -shrubs.  The  age  of  the  pine  seldom  exceeds  200  years  and 
individual  trees  are  not  so  large  as  in  the  hardwood  swamps.  The 
height  of  mature  trees  ranges  from  115  to  130  feet  and  the  diameter 
from  24  to  36  inches.  The  wood  is  moderately  fine  and  even-grained. 
The  logs  largely  grade  I  and  II.  The  best  yield  is  obtained  in  this  type. 
It  is  believed  that  by  thinning  stands  an  increment  of  from  900  to  1,000 
board  feet  a  year  can  be  obtained,  including  thinnings.  Even  in  old 
groups  the  crown  cover  maintains  a  complete  canopy.  The  rate  of 
growth  is  excellent  and  stands  can  generally  be  classed  in  Quality  I. 

Table  3  shows  the  composition  of  this  type  on  peaty  soil,  measured 
in  a  stand  two  miles  northeast  of  Leechville',  !N~.  C.  The  average  age  of 
the  trees  is  about  100  years,  the  height  of  the  dominant  trees  is  from 
110  to  120  feet.  The  stand  consists  of  about  120  merchantable  trees 
per  acre  and  will  yield  about  30,000  feet,  B.  M.  of  pine. 

TABLE  3. — COMPOSITION  OF  A  PURE  LOBLOLLY  PINE  STAND  ON  PEATY  SOIL,  HUMIFIED,  NEAR 
LEECHVILLE,  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Diameter  breast- 
high 

Inches 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  TREES  PER  ACRE. 

Loblolly  Pine 

Sweet  Gum 

Black  Gum 

Other  Species 

Under    9 

2 

13 

9 

11 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

Total  above  8 

4 
4 
4 
6 
4 
20 
10 
20 
20 
12 
10 
10 
2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

126 

2 

4 

1 

After  lumbering  the  land  normally  comes  up  to  heavy  young  growth 
of  pine  seedlings.  Areas  cut  over  ten  or  twenty  years  ago  are  now 
covered  with  a  dense  stand  of  young  pines.  Interspersed  among  the 
young  trees  are  the  old  suppressed  trees  which  were  left  when  the 
mature  stand  was  cut  and  which  have  now  recuperated,  and  many  small 
hardwoods  which  have  been  overtopped. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  IV. 


.  a 
a  £ 


8-" 


>  « 


LOBLOLLY    OE    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


21 


LOBLOLLY   PINE   ON    LONGLEAF   PINE   FLAT    LANDS. 

This  type  forms  the  great  body  of  productive  loblolly  pine  lands, 
occupying  possibly  one-half  of  the  total  loblolly  pine  area.  Its  yield, 
however,  is  not  commensurate  with  the  area  it  occupies  on  account  of 
understocking.  The  soils  are  clayey,  loamy,  or  sandy.  The  surface 
of  the  flat  lands  is  nearly  level  or  slightly  rolling  and  well  drained; 
these  areas  when  stocked  in  longleaf  pine  were  known  as  the  flatwoods 
or  piney  woods.  As  the  moisture  in  the  soil  becomes  less  subject  to 
fluctuations  they  pass  into  hardwood  flats  and  flat  swamps.  As  they 
become  more  level  and  less  thoroughly  drained,  they  grade  into  savannas, 
pocosons,  and  bog  swamps.  As  they  become  sandier  and  more  thor- 
oughly drained  and  drier  they  approach  in  their  forest  characters  the 
longleaf  pine  sand  hills. 

TABLE  4. — COMPOSITION  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  STAND  ON  LONGLEAF  PINE  FLAT  LANDS. 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Inches 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OP  TREES  PER  ACRE. 

Loblolly 
Pine 

Longleaf 
Pine 

Black 
Gum 

Sweet 
Gum 

Oak 

Hickory 

Maple 

Dogwood 

Between  3-6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

Total 

15.42 
5.77 
4.89 
4.27 
4.03 
3.33 
2.67 
2.41 
2.18 
1.84 
1.45 
1.29 
1.18 
.94 
.83 
.53 
.52 
.44 
.43 
.31 
.21 
.21 
.19 
.13 
.06 
.07 
.04 
.05 
.04 
.01 

.05 
.63 
.22 
.13 
1.01 
.76 
.98 
1.21 
.38 
1.45 
1.03 
.64 
.32 
.43 
.17 
.18 
.04 
.11 
.07 
.05 
.06 
.02 

4.13 
1.03 
2.13 
1.17 
.63 
.58 
.54 
.31 
.12 
.07 
.05 
.07 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.005 
.01 
.01 
.01 

3.01 
.96 
.47 
.32 
.40 
.16    ' 
.38 
.22 
.20 
.12 
.03 
.08 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 

6.01 
3.13 
3.01 
2.11 
2.36 
1.27 
.09 
.12 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 

1.50 
.58 
.41 
.17 
.22 
.15 
.08 
.11 
.09 
.02 
.01 

2.40 
.32 
.06 
.01 

.42 
.07 
.02 
.005 

1 

.... 

54.75 

9.94 

10.905 

6.41 

18.20 

3.34 

2.79 

.515 

22  LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

The  original  forest  was  formed  of  longieaf  pine  which,  after  lumber- 
ing, turpentining,  and  repeated  fires  has  now  nearly  or  entirely  disap- 
peared. The  loblolly  pine  is  not  uniformly  distributed;  it  occurs  as 
scattered  dense  groups  varying  from  a  few  trees  to  several  or  many 
acres  in  extent.  (Plate  VI,  A.)  In  the  open  spaces  the  ground  is  cov- 
ered with  thick  grass  (chiefly  wire  grass)  1  to  2  feet  high.  The  irreg- 
ularity of  the  stand  and  its  open  condition  is  due  to  periodic  fires,  which 
are  particularly  damaging  where  the  growth  of  grass  is  heavy.  Small 
trees  of  various  kinds  of  hardwoods,  especially  black  gum,  roundleaf 
blackjack  oak,  southern  red  oak,  and  white  and  sand  hickories  occur 
with  the  pine  in  greater  or  less  abundance.  A  few  longieaf  pines  occur 
in  places,  especially  south  of  the  ]STeuse  Kiver.  Table  4  shows  the 
composition  of  this  type  based  on  measurements  of  nearly  700  acres,  of 
both  logged  and  unlogged  forest. 

After  logging  loblolly  pine,  usually  the  same  species  restocks  the 
ground  and  generally  overtops  the  hardwoods.  In  many  places,  how- 
ever, the  hardwoods  by  their  dense  cover  tend  to  prevent  the  reproduc- 
tion of  the  pine  after  lumbering.  (Plate  VIII,  A.) 

Under  the  best  conditions  the  trees  attain  a  height  of  from  120  to  125 
feet  and  a  diameter  of  25  to  30  inches  when  150  to  200  years  old.  Usu- 
ally, however,  the  height  ranges  from  95  to  110  feet,  and  the  diameter 
from  18  to  25  inches.  The  rate  of  growth  is  that  of  Quality  II  (Tables 
14  and  18,  column  3.)  The  trees  are  generally  sound,  but  the  upper 
logs  in  those  more  than  150  years  old  are  likely  to  be  affected  by  red- 
heart.  Groups  of  trees  are  found  200  years  old,  which  possibly  origi- 
nated in  the  first  extensive  breaks  in  the  longieaf  pine  forests  made 
by  the  early  settlers,  such  as  around  old  turpentine-distillery  sites  and 
upon  tar-kiln  mounds.  When  the  trees  are  solitary  they  are  short 
bodied  and  yield  only  coarse  lumber;  in  groups  the  stems  are  longer 
and  clear.  Logs  are  largely  of  Grades  II  and  III.  Under  management 
these  stands  will  produce  about  600  board  feet  per  acre  a  year.  The 
lumber  sawed  from  a  60-year  old  stand  will  grade  35  per  cent  No.  1  and 
No.  2. 

LOBLOLLY    PINE   WITH    HARDWOODS    IN    SWAMPS    CHIEFLY    IN    THE    COASTAL 

PLAIN. 

This  type  is  largely  confined  to  the  coastal  plain  and  occurs  in  clear 
water  swamps  which  are  seldom  flooded  deeply  or  for  a  long  period. 
The  soils  are  silt  clays,  marls,  or  fine-grained,  stiff  loams  or  fine  sands  of 
the  best  quality,  particularly  of  the  Portsmouth  series.  These  swamps 
are  one  of  the  most  common  habitats  of  the  loblolly  pine,  affording  the 
optimum  conditions  for  the  development  of  the  individual  tree.  The 
pine  is  associated  with  water  oak,  swamp  chestnut  oak,  deep  swamp  ash, 
yellow  poplar,  sweet  gum,  beech,  red  maple,  holly,  cypress,  water  gum 
and  other  less  abundant  species.  The  pine  occurs  either  in  groups  of  a 
few  trees  which  are  usually  even-aged,  or  more  generally  as  single  trees 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SUUYKY. 


PLATE  V. 


A.      Characteristic  stand  of  lob'olly  and  pocoson  pine  on  savanna.     The  scattered  short-bodied  trees  are 

typical.      Such  a  stand  yields  about  15  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  grades  of  lumber. 

(Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 


Margin  of  pine,  cypress  and  gum  swamp.      Old  cypre 
(Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 


ss  in  center;   o'.d  pine  on  left. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


23 


scattered  among  the  hardwoods.  While  it  constitutes  less  than  five  per 
rent  of  the  number  of  trees  in  the  virgin  stand  it  may  form  25  per  cent 
of  the  merchantable  saw  timber.  The  old  pine  trees  grow  on  low 
mounds  or  hummocks,  5  to  10  feet  wide  and  two  or  three  feet  high, 
which  are  largely  formed  by  the  trees  themselves,  by  the  gradual  accu- 
mulation of  bark,  cones  and  leaves,  which  are  yearly  deposited  about 
their  bases.  (Plate  I.) 

Since  the  pine  is  very  intolerant  of  shade  it  comes  up  only  in  open- 
ings. Consequently,  young  pines  as  a  rule  are  infrequent  except  in 
windfalls  or  where  the  oaks  were  cut  for  staves.  Such  cuttings  made 
often  as  long  as  100  years  ago,  were  favorable  for  the  increase  of  the 
pine. 

TABLE  5.— COMPOSITION  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  WITH  HARDWOODS  IN  SWAMP,  BEECHGROVE,  BEAUFORT 

COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Inches 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  TREES  ON  ONE  ACRE. 

Loblolly 
Pine 

Water 
Gum 

Water 
Oak 

Deep 
swamp 
Ash 

Swamp 
Chestnut 
Oak 

Yellow 
Poplar 

Sweet 
Gum 

Red 
Maple 

Under  10 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

Total 

1 

18 
4 
2 
2 
6 
4 
2 
3 
1 
3 
2 
2 
2 
3 

14 
2 
1 

51 
4 

7 

1 

57 
3 
2 
1 

13 
5 

1 

1 

2 

1 

6 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 

61 

23 

69 

2 

3 

67 

21 

The  first  general  logging  of  the  pine  began  about  1880 ;  for  a  period 
of  15  or  20  years,  up  to  1900,  the  pine  was  cut  but  the  hardwoods  were 
generally  left.  This  has  resulted  in  reducing  the  proportion  of  pine 
in  many  of  the  stands.  In  later  cuttings  when  it  has  become  the  prac- 


24  LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

tice  to  cut  some  of  the  best  hardwoods,  the  proportion  of  pine  in  the 
restocking  has  again  increased. 

Table  5  shows  the  composition  of  a  loblolly  pine  stand  in  a  virgin 
hardwood  swamp.  This  area  shows  a  larger  proportion  of  pine  by 
volume  in  board  feet  than  occurs  in  most  such  swamps,  but  the  distri- 
bution of  the  diameter  classes  is  typical.  Young  pine  is  not  abundant. 

Loblolly  pine  in  these  swamps  attains  a  height  of  from  135  to  165 
feet,  a  maximum  stump  diameter  inside  bark  of  54  inches,  and  an  age  of 
over  240  years.  The  height  of  the  associated  broadleaf  trees  is  from  100 
to  130  feet,  pines  overtopping  most  of  them,  except  possibly  yellow 
poplar  and  sweet  gum.  (Plate  V,  B.)  The  rate  of  growth  of  the  pine 
is  rapid.  For  several  years  the  rate  of  height  growth  of  dominant 
trees  exceeds  four  feet  a  year,  and  even  in  old  trees  an  excellent  rate  of 
height  growth  is  well  maintained.  The  rate  of  diameter  growth  of 
young  trees  is  not  rapid  since  the  crowns  of  young  trees  are  for  many 
years  crowded  by  the  surrounding  hardwoods,  and  receive  light  only 
from  above.  The  rate  of  diameter  growth,  however,  is  sustained  and 
a  large  annual  volume  increment  is  produced  by  many  of  the  oldest  trees. 
(Tables  14  and  18,  column  1.)  On  account  of  the  rapid  height  growth 
and  the  small  crowns,  the  stems  are  slender  with  clear  boles  from  80  to 
110  feet  in  length. 

The  wood  is  of  the  best  quality,  soft  and  even-grained.  Even  in  the 
center  of  the  butt  logs,  the  summer  bands  are  comparatively  narrow. 
(Plate  IX,  B.)  It  consequently  resembles  in  quality  that  of  the  short- 
leaf  pine  of  the  Piedmont,  the  so-called  rosemary  or  forest  pine.  It  is 
rich  orange  in  color  and  rather  more  pitchy  than  that  growing  in  other 
situations.  The  sap  wood  is  comparatively  thin  for  the  species  though 
it  forms  in  trees  even  two  hundred  years  old  one-half  of  the  total  volume 
of  the  stem.  Large  trees  often  yield  several  logs  of  Grade  1,  and  cut 
60  to  65  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  lumber.  (Plate  XII,  C.) 

LOBLOLLY   PINE  WITH   POCOSON   PINE   ON   SAVANNAS. 

This  type  occurs  on  poorly  drained  sites  saturated  with  water  during 
most  of  the  year.  The  stand  for  the  most  part  is  open.  It  consists  of 
loblolly  pines  mixed  with  pocoson  pines,  occasional  stunted  longleaf 
pines,  black  gums,  and  white  bays.  Formerly  there  was  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  longleaf  pine.  There  is  usually  a  scant  undergrowth  of  fet- 
terbush  and  other  ericaceous  shrubs,  and  a  dense  mat  of  grass,  which 
withers  in  the  autumn  and  consequently  burns  with  a  hot  fire  during 
Avinter  and  spring.  (Plate  V,  A.)  Probably  one-thirtieth  of  the  lob- 
lolly forest  land  of  North  Carolina  belongs  to  this  type.  Its  producing 
capacity,  however,  is  low  and  it  yields  a  relatively  small  amount  of 
timber. 

The  loblolly  pine  occurs  in  even-aged  groups  of  a  few  trees,  or 
singly,  all  ages  being  represented  on  a  small  area.  Trees  150  years  old 
are  between  75  and  105  feet  in  height,  20  to  25  inches  in  diameter,  and 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  VI. 


Groups  of  loblolly  pine  poles  with  old  longleaf  pine  which  it  is  replacing  on  grassy  flat  lands. 
(Photo.  U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 


B. 


Cut-over  loblolly  pine  land,   showing  the  undesirable  character  of  the  seed  trees  which  are  left  by  the 
present  method  of  cutting.      (Photo,  by  J.  S.  Holmes.) 


LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 


25 


the  largest  scale  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule  not  more  than  700  feet.  The 
trees  are  short  bodied  and  frequently  crooked  and  yield  logs  largely  of 
Grades  III  and  IV.  The  rate  of  growth  is  slow  and  irregular,  yet  the 
wood  is  tough  and  hard  and  the  sapwood  generally  thick.  (Plate 
X,  B.)  The  wood  is  fine  grained  but  except  in  the  butt  log  the  quality 
is  not  high. 

Table  6  shows  the  average  condition  of  more  than  four  hundred  acres 
of  savanna  land  measured  by  the  chain  method. 

TABLE  6. — COMPOSITION  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  WITH  POCOSON  PINE  ON  SAVANNAS.    BASED  ON  422 

ACRES. 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Inches 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OP  TREES  PER  ACHE. 

Loblolly 
Pine 

Pocoson 
Pine 

Longleaf 
Pine 

Black 
Gum 

White 
Bay 

Maple 

Between  3-6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

Total 

10.81 
5.67 
3.01 
2.07 
1.53 
1.21 
1.22 
.84 
.31 
.27 
.26 
.18 
.17 
.16 
.11 
.14 
.09 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.005 

16.15 
8.23 
3.12 
3.24 
2.61 
2.13 
2.33 
1.07 
.41 
.13 
.06 

14.33 
2.17 
1.07 
.31 
.01 

7.21 
3.23 
2.10 
.95 
.02 

.41 
.21 
.37 
.29 
1.03 
.62 
.57 
.28 
.21 
.23 
.11 
.14 
.08 
.07 
.02 
.03 
.01 
.01 

.31 
.43 
.26 
.46 
.13 
.31 
.12 
.11 
.10 
.80 
.80 
.10 
.06 
.09 
.08 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 

28.095 

4.26 

4.69 

39.48 

17.89 

13.51 

LOBLOLLY   PINE   WITH    CYPRESS   IN   DEEP   SWAMPS. 

This  type  occurs  in  non-alluvial  as  well  as  in  alluvial  swamps. 
These  alluvial  swamps  border  clear  water  streams  within  the  Coastal 
Plain,  and  the  lower  reaches  of  the  muddy  streams  which  head  beyond 
the  Coastal  Plain,  where  flooding  is  always  shallow  but  may  last  for 
several  weeks.  Around  the  Dismal  Swamp  in  the  Albemarle  Sound 
section  and  elsewhere  there  are  large  areas  of  non-alluvial  swamp,  in 
which  a  considerable  portion  of  the  forest  growth  is  cypress  and  lob- 
lolly pine  with  water  gum.  The  proportion  of  pine  decreases  as  the 
flooding  becomes  deeper.  Its  growth  also  becomes  slower.  The  pine 
and  cypress  have  nearly  the  same  rate  of  growth.  (Tables  14  and  18, 
column  6.) 


26  LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

The  pine  reaches  a  height  of  from  80  to  100  feet  and  a  diameter  of 
from  20  inches  to  3  feet.  The  trees  yield  3  and  4  logs.  The  wood  is 
fine  grained  and  the  quality  of  the  butt  and  second  logs  excellent.  Big 
Bay  in  Brunswick  County  and  the  Lumber  River  Swamp  yielded  some 
excellent  pine  timber  from  this  type.  Plate  XII,  C  shows  a  pile  of 
No.  1  and  No.  2  logs  which  were  cut  in  Big  Bay.  The  pine  tends  to 
reseed  and  maintain  its  position  and  proportion  in  the  forest  after  lum- 
bering if  it  is  not  cut  at  too  small  a  diameter.  There  is  no  danger  of 
fires  on  this  type. 

LOBLOLLY   PINE   IN    HARDWOOD   AND   SHORTLEAF   PINE   FORESTS    CHIEFLY   ON 
THE    PIEDMONT    UPLANDS. 

Loblolly  pine  has  appeared  in  these  forests  (particularly  on  the  Dur- 
ham soil  series,  in  Person,  Wake  and  Durham  counties  and  in  the 
sandier  phases  of  the  Cecil  soils  in  the  eastern  Piedmont  counties  and  in 
Halifax,  Northampton,  and  Nash  counties)  where  the  oaks  and  short- 
leaf  pine  have  been  cut,  especially  on  slopes  near  streams.  The  trees  of 
loblolly  pine  are  generally  young,  varying  in  age  from  the  smallest 
seedling  to  40  or  60  years  old.  They  seldom  form  more  than  five  per 
cent  of  the  entire  stand.  The  number  of  loblolly  pines  is  increasing, 
however,  as  the  breaks  in  the  forest  cover  become  larger,  and  as  the 
number  of  seed-bearing  pines  of  this  species  increases.  The  associated 
trees  are  white  oak,  southern  red  oak  (Quercus  digitata),  black  oak, 
scarlet  or  Spanish  oak  {Quercus  coccinea],  white  hickory,  red  hickory, 
sand  hickory,  yellow  poplar,  and  shortleaf  pine.  These  species  are  more 
tolerant  of  shade  than  the  loblolly  pine  which,  however,  makes  rapid 
growth  for  the  first  two  or  three  decades,  though  the  rate  usually  de- 
creases rapidly  after  the  thirtieth  year.  "When  the  stand  of  hardwoods  is 
open,  the  pines  have  large  crowns,  short  stems,  and  knotty  and  coarse- 
grained wood.  (Plate  VII.)  "When  60  to  70  years  old,  which  is  about 
the  age  limit,  the  trees  are  70  to  75  feet  high  and  14  to  18  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  scale  of  the  average  log  is  about  55  feet.  The  logs 
grade  as  Nos.  3,  4,  and  5. 

FOREST  CHARACTERISTICS. 

FORM. 

Stem. 

In  young  trees  the  stem  continues  through  the  crown  without  divid- 
ing. In  old  forest  trees  the  trunk,  as  a  rule,  divides  into  massive  spread- 
ing branches.  The  division  of  the  main  stem  into  a  number  of  branches 
usually  takes  place  soon  after  the  period  of  rapid  height  growth  is  well 
passed.  In  trees  growing  in  open  stands  the  division  of  the  trunk  into 
branches  takes  place  earlier  and  lower  on  the  stem  than  in  crowded 
stands.  As  a  rule  the  stems  of  young  trees  are  nearly  straight.  Those 
of  old  trees,  especially  when  grown  in  open  stands  or  on  poor  soil,  are 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVKY. 


PLATE  VII. 


Loblolly  pine  with  mixed  oaks  and  shortleaf  pine.     Three-log  tree,  eighty  years  old, 

cutting  20  per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  grades  of  lumber. 

(Photo.  N.  C.  Geological  Survey.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


27 


often  slightly  curved  or  crooked,  though  never  to  the  same  extent  as 
those  of  the  pocoson  pine.  The  stems  are  rarely  forked  except  when  the 
leading  shoot  is  injured  by  a  weevil  or  by  sleet  breaking  it.  The  great- 
est amount  of  taper  in  the  stem  is  in  the  top,  consequently  the  mill  cut 
of  top  logs  of  a  given  diameter  inside  the  bark  at  the  small  end  is 
greater  than  that  of  logs  of  the  same  diameter  from  the  lower  part  of 
the  stem  measured  in  the  same  manner.  (Table  23.) 

As  the.  trees  in  the  stand  become  older  they  are  less  tapering.  Old 
trees  of  the  same  diameter  breasthigh  and  of  the  same  height  as  young 
trees  have,  therefore,  a  larger  volume  in  cubic  feet  and  produce  more 
lumber.  This  is  shown  in  Table  7. 


TABLE  7. — YIELD  IN  BOARD  FEET  PER  LINEAR  FOOT  OP  MERCHANTABLE  LENGTH  OF  BOLE  FROM 
TREES  OF  THE  SAME  DIAMETER  AND  HEIGHT  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES. 

1-7"  SAW  KERF. 


Yield  in  Board  Feet  Per  Linear  Foot  of  Used  Length 

Diameter  breasthigh 

Stand 

Inches 

ii 

45  years  old 

65  years  old 

8 

.8 

.85 

9 

.9 

.95 

10 

1.1 

1.2 

11 

1.3 

'1.5 

12 

1.7 

1.9 

13 

2.1 

2.3 

14 

2.4 

2.6 

15 

2.9 

3.1 

16 

3.5 

3.7 

17 

4.1 

4.3 

18 

4.7 

4.9 

19 

5.3 

5.6 

20 

6.2 

6.5 

The  larger  trees  in  the  45  year  stand  are  dominant  and  intermediate. 
Those  of  the  same  diameters  in  the  65  year  old  stand,  which  is  on  a 
somewhat  poorer  quality  site,  are  largely  intermediate  and  suppressed. 
The  difference  thus  amounts  to  from  5  to  10  per  cent  of  the  contents 
in  board  feet. 

Taper  measurements  of  butts  at  intervals  of  1  foot  are  given  in  Table 
8.  They  are  useful  in  converting  stump  measurements  on  cut-over  land 
into  breasthigh  diameter  measurements.  This  table  is  based  on  age 
class  over  75  years,  Quality  II.  The  taper  would  be  slightly  more  for 
younger  trees  of  the  same  quality,  and  for  Quality  III  of  the  same  age 
class ;  but  somewhat  less  for  old  trees  of  Quality  I.  On  account  of  natu- 
ral individual  variation  such  a  table  should  only  be  used  in  considering 
a  number  of  specimens. 


28 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  8. — TAPER  or  BUTTS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  FOR  USE  IN  CONVERTING  STUMP  INTO  BREASTHIQH 

DIAMETERS. 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Height  above  ground  —  Feet 

1                           2 

3 

4 

5 

Diameter  outside  bark — Inches 


9 

11.3 

10.0 

9.4 

9.2 

8.8 

10 

12.5         11.3 

10.5 

10.2 

9.8 

11            13.8         12.5 

11.7 

11.2          10.8 

12            14.8         13.6 

12.7 

12.1          11.8 

13            16.  1 

14.7 

13.7 

13.3          12.8 

14            17.2 

15.8 

14.8 

14.3         13.8 

15            18.5 

16.8 

15.7 

15.3          14.8 

16            19.7         17.9 

16.9 

16.3         15.8 

17            20.8         18.9 

17.0 

17.3         16.7 

18            22.0         20.0 

19.1 

18.3         17.7 

19            23.2         21.2 

20.1 

19.4         18.7 

20 

24.4         22.5 

21.2 

20.4         19.7 

21 

25.5         23.7 

22.4 

21.4         20.7 

22 

26.  7         24.  8 

23.4 

22.4 

21.7 

23 

28.  0         25.  9 

24.5 

23.4 

22.7 

24 

29.0 

26.9 

25.5 

24.3 

23.7 

25 

30.0 

28.0 

26.5 

25.3 

24.7 

26 

31.0         28.9 

27.3 

26.3 

25.7 

27 

32.0         30.0 

28.2 

27.2 

26.7 

28 

33.0         31.0 

29.1 

28.2 

27.8 

29 

34.0 

32.0 

30.1 

29.1 

28.8 

30 

35.0 

33.0 

31.0 

30.1 

29.7 

Taper  measurements  inside  of  bark  of  stems  of  different  diameters 
and  heights  for  middle-aged  and  old  trees  are  given  in  Tables  9  and 
9a.  The  measurements  can  be  used  directly  in  scaling  logs  of  any 
length  which  is  a  multiple  of  8.15  feet  or  for  ascertaining  the  number 
of  ties  or  poles  of  a  given  size  which  can  be  obtained  from  trees  of  dif- 
ferent diameters.  The  height  above  the  stump  of  any  desired  diameter 
can  be  fixed  by  interpolation.  Tables  9  and  9a  should  be  employed  only 
in  considering  a  number  of  specimens  on  account  of  individual  varia- 
tion. Age  classes  less  than  50  years  have  considerably  more  taper  than 
the  table  shows  for  trees  under  75  years  old;  while  trees  more  than  150 
years  old  have  less  taper  than  shown  for  trees  over  75  years  old. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


29 


TABLE  9. — TAPER  MEASUREMENTS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS. 

TREES  UNDER  75  YEARS  OLD. 

40-foot  trees 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Inches 

At  breast- 
height 

Height  above  stump  —  Feet 

8.15 

16.30 

24.45 

32.60 

40.75 

Diamster  inside  bark  —  Inches 

4 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 
7. 
7. 
8. 
9 

8 
7 
5 
3 
2 

0 
8 
6 
5 

2.5 
3.3 
4.1 

4.8 
5.6 
6.3 
7.1 
7.8 
8.6 

2.0 
2.7 
3.4 
4.0 
4.7 
5.3 
6.0 
6.6 
7.2 

1.5 
1.9 
2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
3.9 
4.4 
4.9 
5.4 

.7 
.9 
1.2 
1.4 
1.5 
1.9 
2.2 
2.4 
2.7 

50-foot  trees 

4 

2 

9 

2.6 

2.3 

2.0 

1.5 

.8 

5 

3 

8 

3.5 

3.1 

2.7 

2.0 

1.1 

6 

4 

7 

4.3 

3.8 

3.3 

2.5 

1.4 

7 

5 

5 

5.1 

4.6 

3.9 

3.0 

1.6 

8 

6 

4 

5.9 

5.3 

4.6 

3.5 

1.9 

9 

7 

3 

6.7 

6.0 

5.2 

3.9 

2.1 

10 

8 

2 

7.5 

6.9 

o.O 

4.4 

2.4 

11 

9 

0                        8.4 

7.6 

6.5 

4.9 

2.6 

12 

9.8 

9.1 

8.2 

7.1 

5.4 

2.9 

13 

10 

8 

9.9 

9.0 

7.8 

5.9 

3.2 

14 

11 

6 

10.8 

9.7 

8.4 

6.3 

3.4 

60-foot  trees 

4 

5 

1                        2.9                 2.6 

2.4 

2.1 

1.6 

5 

3 

9                        3.  7                 3.  4 

3.1                 2.7                 2.1 

6 

4 

8                         4.5                  4.2 

3.8                 3.3                 2.6 

7 

5 

7                        5.3                 4.9 

4.5                  3.9                  3.1 

8 

6 

5                        6.1                 5.6 

5.1                 4.5                 3.6 

9 

7 

4                        7.  0                 6.  4 

5.8                  5.1 

4.1 

10 

8 

3                        7.  8                 7.  1 

6.5 

5.7 

4.5 

11 

9 

1                        8.  6                 7.  9 

7.2 

6.2 

5.0 

12 

10 

1 

9.4                 8.6 

7.8 

6.7 

5.3 

13 

10 

9 

10.3 

9.3 

8.4 

7.3 

5.9 

14 

11 

8 

11.1 

10.1 

9.1 

7.9 

6.3 

15 

12 

7 

11.9               10.7 

9.7 

8.4 

6.8 

16 

13 

5 

12.7               11.4  . 

10.3 

9.1 

7.2 

Stump  height  1  foot  for  trees  4  to  16  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh,  1.5  feet  for  trees  17  to  22  inches. 


30 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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38  LOBLOLLY   OK   NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 

Crown. 

Braiichlets  are  commonly  borne  in  whorls  of  three.  They  develop 
not  only  at  the  tip  of  the  leader,  but  also  at  intermediate  points  along 
the  season's  growth,  the  growth  of  the  leader  being  recrudescent.  In 
young  rapidly-growing  trees  there  are  usually  three  whorls  and  conse- 
quently three  internodes  on  the  leader  in  one  season  (Plate  II).  Al- 
though the  nodes  may  be  close  together  in  loblolly  pine,  the  knots  in  the 
tree  may  be  distant  and  irregularly  distributed,  as  not  all  branchlets  in 
a  whorl  develop  into  branches. 

The  crown  of  the  young  thrifty  growing  tree  is  sharply  conical,  the 
rather  slender  arched  branches  ascending  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees  or 
more.  At  middle  age  the  crown  becomes  oval,  and  in  old  age  broadly 
oval  and  flat-topped;  the  wide  spreading  branches  become  stout,  irregu- 
larly distributed,  and  nearly  horizontal,  with  tips  slightly  ascending. 
(Plate  I.) 

Root  System. 

The  root  of  the  one  and  two-year-old  seedling  pine  is  fibrous  and 
diffuse;  and,  though  the  central  slender  taproot  is  very  evident,  it  is 
essentially  a  fibrous  root  system.  (Figure  3,  c.)  With  age,  the  taproot, 
although  it  remains  short,  becomes  proportionately  more  prominent, 
and  many  deeply  seated  lateral  roots  are  developed.  The  taproot,  which 
seldom  descends  to  a  depth  of  more  than  4  or  5  feet,  is  often  forked 
and  blunted,  and  on  hardpan  and  heavy  clay  soils,  flattened  or  curved 
at  the  tip;  it  never  assumes  the  proportion  of  that  of  the  longleaf  or 
shortleaf  pines  nor  descends  to  such  a  depth  as  do  the  taproots  of  those 
trees.  (Fig.  3,  a.  and  &.)  On  loose,  moist  or  sandy  soils  many  of 
the  lateral  and  central  roots  are  deep-seated,  descending  3  to  5  feet,  but 
others  lie  near  the  surface  of  the  ground.  (Fig.  4,  a  and  fe.)  On  compact, 
and  especially  on  dry,  clay  soils,  the  roots  are  much  shallower  and  more 
spreading.  On  very  wet  soils  where  the  water  table  is  prevailingly  close 
to  the  surface  during  the  growing  season  there  is  in  old  trees  no  well 
developed  tap  root,  but  its  place  is  taken  by  a  number  of  central  spread- 
ing roots.  (Fig.  4,  c.)  The  great  development  of  the  lateral  roots 
probably  explains  the  rapid  growth  of  the  pine  in  old  fields,  where  the 
loose,  easily  penetrable  top  soils  form  an  excellent  bed  for  the  spread  of 
such  roots.  The  early  culmination  of  the  growth  in  old  fields  on  the 
red  clays  of  the  Piedmont,  especially  on  the  poorer  soils,  may  be  due  in 
part  to  the  check  in  the  development  of  the  lateral  root  system,  as  the 
roots  fail  to  descend  into  the  hard  subsoil,  as  well  as  to  the  limited 
supply  of  soil  moisture  available  for  the  stand.  In  old  trees  on  loose, 
moist  soils,  the  lateral  roots  spread  for  a  distance  of  from  25  to  30  feet 
from  the  tree,  though  the  taproot  is  rarely  more  than  three  feet  long. 
The  taproot  is  much  shorter  on  compact  clay  soils  and  where  there  is  a 
hard  pan  than  on  loose  soils. 


LOBLOLLY   OR  NORTH   CAROLINA  PINE. 


39 


3  -I 


Fig.  3.     a  and  b.      Roots  of  mature  loblolly  pines  on  upland  clays, 
c.     Two-year-old  loblolly  pine  seedling. 


Fig.  4.     a.     Roots  of  loblolly  pine  saplings  on   dry  sandy  upland   soils.      (Adapted  from  photo,  by  J. '  S. 
Holmes. ) 

b.  Roots  of   loblolly  pine  on   moist  but   well   drained   sandy  loam    soils.      Small   deep-seated   roots 

extending  to  water  table.      (Adapted  by  author  from  photo,  by  von  Schrenk.) 

c.  Roots  of  loblolly  pine  on  wet  soils.      No  deep-seated  roots,  but  a  great  mass  of  shallow  roots. 

(From  sketch  made  from  nature.) 


40 


LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 


Baric. 

*The  bark  of  small  trees  forms  about  30  per  cent  of  their  volume; 
that  of  large  trees  about  15  per  cent.  In  large  trees  the  bark  near  the 
base  of  the  tree  is  3  to  6  inches  thick  and  forms  a  great  protection 
against  fire.  Above  2  or  3  feet  from  the  ground  it  becomes  thinner, 
seldom  exceeding  %  inch  in  thickness  at  the  base  of  the  crown.  The 
outer  bark  as  it  falls  from  the  stem  forms  a  mound  of  debris  at  the  base 
of  the  trunk,  at  times  2  feet  high  and  5  or  6  feet  wide.  Unless  this  is 
removed,  the  stumps  are  apt  to  be  cut  high.  The  bark  is  much  thicker 
on  young  thrifty  trees  than  on  slower  growing  older  trees  of  the  same 
diameter  and  height.  Table  10  gives  the  thickness  of  bark  at  breast 
height  for  trees  of  different  diameters  and  heights,  and  is  an  average 
of  both  young  and  old.  Below  breasthigh  the  bark  is  much  thicker  as 
shown  in  Table  11. 

TABLE  10. — THICKNESS  OF  BARK  AT  BREASTHEIGHT  AND  DIAMETER  or  STEM  INSIDE  OF  BARK  AT 

BREASTHEIOHT  ON  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS. 

TREES  WITH  DIAMETERS  BELOW  23  INCHES  ARE  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
t  breast- 
high 

Inches 

Trees  40  tt.  high 

Trees  70  ft.  high 

Trees  100  It.  high 

Trees  140  ft.  high 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
4  .5  ft. 

Inches 

Double 
width  of 
bark 

Inches 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
4  .5  ft. 

Inches 

Double 
width  of 
bark 

Inches 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
4.  5  it. 

Inches 

Double 
width  of 
bark 

Inches 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
4  .5  ft. 

Inches 

Double 
width  of 
bark 

Inches 

4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 

2.8 
4.5+ 
6.2 
7.8 
9.5— 

1.2 
1.5 
1.8 
2.2 
2.5 

4.9 
6.7 
8.4 
10.2 
12.0 
13.7 
15.5— 

1.1 

1.3 
1.6 
1.8 
2.0 
2.3 
2.5 

8.7 
10.5+ 
12.4 
14.3 
16.0 
17.8 
19.6 
21.1 
22.9 
24.7 
26.5— 

1.3 
1.5 
1.6 
1.7 
2.0 
2.2 
2.4 
2.9 
3.1 
3.3 
3.5 

22.1 
23.8 

25.5+ 
27.2 
28.9 
30.7 
32.3 

1.9 
2.2 
2.5 
2.8 
3.1 
3.3 
3.7 

Table  11  shows  the  comparative  average  thickness  of  the  bark  on  the 
stump  of  trees  of  the  loblolly,  longleaf,  and  white  pines  of  different 


sizes : 


LOBLOLLY   OR  NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 
TABLE  11. — THICKNESS  OP  BARK  ON  STUMP. 


41 


Diameter  breast- 
high 

Inches 

Loblolly  pine 

Longleaf  pine 

White  pine 

Measured  on  diameter  —  Inches 

2 

.5 

.2 

.2 

5 

1.6 

.4 

.4 

10 

2.1 

.6 

1.0 

15 
20 
25 

3.3 
4.6 
5.5 

.8 
1.0 
1.1 

1.6 

LONGEVITY    AND    SIZE. 

The  loblolly  pine  is  comparatively  a  medium-lived  tree.  The  oldest 
group  which  was  measured,  consisted  of  more  than  20  trees  that  had  an 
average  age  of  240  years.  The  oldest  tree  recorded  was  245  years  old ;  it 
was  a  perfectly  sound  tree,  and  one  of  the  largest  specimens  seen,  hav- 
ing a  breasthigh  diameter  of  53  inches,  a  height  of  150  feet,  88  feet  of 
clear  bole,  and  containing  4,109  board  feet  (Doyle-Scribner  rule)  of  mer- 
chantable timber.  The  tallest  tree  measured  was  164  feet  high.  The 
tree  having  the  greatest  diameter  was  54  inches,  and  139  feet  in  height. 

The  usual  age  on  good  soils  is  about  200  years,  with  a  height  of  from 
110  to  130  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  from  2  to  3  feet.  On  poor  or  dry 
soils  the  sizes  are  smaller  and  the  trees  do  not  reach  so  great  an  age. 
On  the  very  dry  upland  soils  of  old  fields  mature  trees  do  not  attain 
as  a  rule  a  greater  height  than  90  feet,  a  diameter  above  20  inches,  and 
an  age  of  over  100  years. 

SILVICAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

CLIMATE. 

Although  unfavorable  soil  conditions  are  the  chief  limiting  factor 
to  the  western  distribution  of  the  loblolly  pine  in  North  Carolina,  a 
minimum  annual  temperature  of  55°  F.,  a  high  atmospheric  humidity 
and  ample  rainfall  of  45  inches  a  year,  or  more,  are  essential  condi- 
tions for  its  good  development. 

SOIL  AND  MOISTURE. 

The  loblolly  pine  is  not  exacting  in  regard  to  soil.  It  grows  natu- 
rally on  many  soils,  which  differ  widely  in  dryness,  depth,  compactness, 
and  chemical  composition.  For  its  best  development,  however,  it  re- 
quires a  uniform  supply  of  moisture,  and  a  deep,  preferably  porous,  soil. 
On  the  light  loams  and  the  sandy  loams  of  the  coastal  plain,  with  the 
water  table  seldom  below  10  feet,  it  seems  to  be  most  thoroughly  at 
home.  On  lower  slopes  bordering  streams  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the 
Piedmont,  loblolly  pine  grows  especially  well  on  the  deep  alluvial  soils, 
which  are  uniformly  moist  throughout  the  growing  season  but  are  not 
subject  to  excessive  flooding.  In  the  large  river  swamps,  subject  to 
frequent  and  deep  flooding  by  muddy  water  during  the  growing  season, 


42  LOBLOLLY   OR   NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 

loblolly  pine  is  unable  to  maintain  a  foothold ;  OR  poorly  di'ained  soils 
it  is  capable  of  establishing  itself,  but  the  growth  is  slow.  On  the 
thoroughly  drained  rolling  oak  uplands,  usually  with  clay  soils,  but 
sometimes  with  shallow  or  coarse  gravelly  soils,  young  pine  growth  is 
becoming  common  Avherever  the  hardwoods  have  been  cut.  The  light 
porous  soils  on  fallow  fields  offer  ideal  conditions  for  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  the  roots  of  the  young  pines,  so  that  the  rate  of  increment  of 
young  trees,  even  on  dry,  or  sterile  soils,  if  recently  cultivated,  is  far 
more  rapid  than  on  any,  except  the  best  virgin  forest  soils.  (Plate 
IV.)  This  is  especially  true  of  growth  in  diameter  and  of  early 
growth  in  height.  On  the  coarse,  most  siliceous,  and  extremely  dry  soils 
of  the  pine  barrens,  this  pine  occurs  very  rarely  except  on  cultivated 
lands.  The  wet,  peaty,  and  mossy  soils  of  white  cedar  swamps  (juniper 
bays),  the  fetter-bush  swamps  and  peat  bogs,  the  wet  sour  soils  of 
briery  bays  and  pocosons  (raw,  acid  peat)  and  the  wet  savannas  are 
unsuited  to  this  tree.  On  such  soils  it  seldom  survives  more  than  a  few 
years.*  On  peaty  soils,  which  are  so  well  drained  that  the  peat  is  de- 
composing and  becoming  humified,  and  so  aerated  that  nitrification  can 
take  place,  it  reproduces  freely  and  becomes  a  large  tree.  On  the 
driest  savannas  and  grassy  flatwood  lands,  natural  reproduction  takes 
place  very  slowly,  perhaps  partly  on  account  of  the  frequent  fires. 

Other  factors  being  the  same,  a  uniformly  moist  or  damp  soil  is  pre- 
ferable to  either  a  dry  or  wet  one,  or  to  one  subject  to  great  extremes  of 
moisture  or  drought,  while  a  porous  loam  or  sandy  loam  is  preferable  to 
a  clayey  or  compact  soil  or  to  a  coarse  siliceous  one.  (See  Fig.  5.) 

LIGHT. 

The  loblolly  pine  requires  a  full  amount  of  direct  sunlight  for  its  best 
development.  During  the  younger  stages  of  growth,  and  until  the 
period  of  rapid  height-growth  is  passed,  it  will,  however,  endure  much 
lateral  compression  of  its  crown,  without  being  dwarfed  or  crowded  out, 
but  its  capacity  to  endure  shade  and  crowding  is  greatest  on  good  sites 
and  least  on  poor  sites.  Its  greater  tolerance  of  shade  on  good  sites 
is  due,  at  least  in  part,  to  the  larger  amount  of  available  soil  moisture. 
It  will  even  bear  overshading  for  several  decades  and  still  be  able  to 
make  vigorous  growth  on  the  removal  of  the  shade.  This  power  of  re- 
covering from  overshading,  however,  is  limited  to  the  early  life  of  the 
tree,  and  to  favorable  sites,  though  this  limit  varies  much  with  the  site. 
On  moist  soils  trees  40  to  60  years  old  can  be  found  beneath  a  partial 
shade  growing  slowly  but  remaining  healthy.  On  medium  dry  soils  few 
small  suppressed  trees  more  than  50  or  60  years  old  can  be  found 
growing  beneath  a  partial  cover,  so  that  it  seems  probable  that  if  trees 
on  medium  soils  are  not  offered  light  within  that  limit,  they  die.  On 
dry  uplands  soils,  such  as  the  red  clays  of  the  Piedmont,  intolerance  of 

*The  symbiotic  mycorrhiza,  which  occurs  on  the  roots  of  the  pocoson  pine  (P.  serotina)  and 
enables  it  to  grow  in  the  wet  and  unaerated  soils  of  pocosons,  briery  bays,  fetter-bush  bays, 
reed  swamps  and  peat  bogs,  does  not  occur  on  loblolly  pine,  which  possibly  explains  the  absence 
of  this  tree  from  such  sites. 


LOBLOLLY   OK   NORTH   CAROLINA  PINE.  43 

shade  is  acquired  after  the  pole  stage,  and  the  most  crowded  trees  in 
the  intermediate  crown  class  die  rapidly  after  the  thirty-fifth  year. 
Young  suppressed  trees  left  in  lumbering  recover  very  slowly  on  me- 
dium sites,  if  the  trees  have  passed  the  pole  stage,  and  the  crowding 
was  of  long  duration.  In  fifty-two  measurements  made  on  50-year-old 
suppressed  trees  which  were  growing  on  well-drained  upland  clay  soils 
in  the  Piedmont,  and  which  were  left  after  lumbering  seven  years  before, 
only  nine  showed  any  marked  increase  in  the  width  of  the  last  seven 
rings,  as  compared  with  the  width  of  the  preceding  seven  rings.  They 
were  selected  as  being  typical  suppressed  trees,  which  were  too  small 
for  saw  logs  at  the  time  of  the  first  cutting.  The  height  growth  of 
these  same  trees  during  the  last  seven  years  was  only  22  inches,  while 
that  of  the  other  trees  which  showed  no  signs  of  suppression  was  39 
inches  during  the  same  period.  The  revival  of  large  overshaded  trees, 
even  if  only  moderately  suppressed  and  growing  on  the  drier  soils,  is 
slow  or  does  not  take  place  at  all.  The  stem  analyses  fail  to  show  that 
any  large  number  of  trees  on  such  sites  ever  passed  through  any  period 
of  great  or  prolonged  suppression,  but  rather  that  large  old  trees  which 
were  growing  on  drier  quality  sites  invariably  made  good  growth  in 
their  youth  or  that  the  period  of  suppression  was  short.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  diameter  growth  of  trees,  which  have  not  been  subject  to  exces- 
sive overshading,  is  greatly  accelerated  when  given  growing  space.  This 
makes  thinning  by  removing  the  smaller  and  crowded  trees  desirable, 
whenever  it  can  be  done  without  extra  cost.  Beneath  a  crown  cover 
where  about  one-half  of  the  light  is  excluded,  young  trees  on  the  best 
sites  will  grow  healthily  till  the  high  pole  stage,  though  both  the 
diameter  and  height  growth  are  lessened,  the  diameter  growth  to  a 
larger  extent  than  the  height  growth ;  on  the  removal  of  the  shade  both 
make  rapid  response  to  the  increased  light.  (Plate  XIV.) 

The  trees  exhibit  with  age  a  progressive  increase  in  their  demands 
upon  light.  About  the  period  when  the  rate  of  height  growth  becomes 
lessened,  the  crown  spreads  rapidly,  tending  to  become  round  and  flat- 
topped,  and  the  branches  nearly  horizontal.  At  the  beginning  of  this 
stage  there  is  a  rapid  decrease  in  the  number  of  trees  to  the  acre,  from 
the  dying  off  of  the  weaker  crowded  trees.  The  decrease  in  number  of 
trees  may  be  as  great  as  35  to  40  per  cent  in  10  years.  (Table  42.) 
Eventually,  except  on  the  very  best  sites,  each  tree  stands  isolated  with  a 
band  of  light  between  it  and  its  nearest  neighbors.  (Plate  XXV.)  On 
the  poorer  sites,  especially  on  the  drier  soils,  this  isolation  takes  place  at 
an  earlier  age  than  on  good  sites.  Table  2  shows  the  small  number  of 
trees  in  the  suppressed  and  intermediate  crown  classes.  On  the  very 
best  sites  groups  120  to  130  years  old  can  be  found  with  almost  unbroken 
cover.  As  the  crowns  become  isolated  under  these  conditions,  young 
pines  appear,  while  gallberry  and  similar  shrubs  always  form  an  abund- 
ant ground  cover.  In  the  old-field  groves  on  good  sites,  the  period  of 
isolation  begins  rather  late,  after  the  fiftieth  year ;  while  on  poor  sites  it 
begins  at  the  thirtieth  or  fortieth  year.  On  the  slow-draining  savanna 
land  it  also  begins  early  and  young  trees  less  than  40  years  old  are  very 
intolerant  of  shade. 


44  LOBLOLLY   OR   NORTH   CAROLINA   FIXE. 

When  loblolly  pine  grows  on  good  sites  associated  with  hardwoods, 
well-developed  old  pines  overtop  the  hardwoods,  spreading  their  crowns 
above  them  and  securing  full  light  in  that  way.  The  sweet  gum  and 
yellow  poplar  are  the  only  associated  trees  which  are  not  overtopped. 
In  such  hardwood  forests  the  young  pines  appearing  as  single  stems  in 
openings,  endure  much  lateral  compression  to  an  age  of  about  120  years, 
when  they  generally  overtop  the  hardwoods.  In  spite  of  its  intolerance 
of  shade  the  pine  succeeds  in  forming  a  considerable  element  in  forests 
of  the  most  shade-tolerant  species,  seizing  by  its  abundant  seeding 
openings  caused  from  windfall,  fire,  or  lumbering,  and  by  its  rapid 
growth  outstripping  competitors  that  would  otherwise  overtop  and  sup- 
press it  beneath  their  shade.  (Plates  XXIV  to  XXVII.) 

REPRODUCTION. 

Loblolly  pine  reproduces  itself  prolifically  because  of  its  high  per- 
centage of  sound  seed  with  excellent  germinating  power,  the  hardiness  of 
the  young  seedling,  and  the  varying  degrees  of  light,  moisture,  and  soil 
to  which  it  is  inured.  Its  ability  to  establish  itself  under  adverse  con- 
ditions is  further  aided  by  the  early  rapid  development  of  a  vigorous 
root  system,  accompanied  by  an  extremely  rapid  height  growth,  which 
begins  the  second  year  and  soon  raises  the  crown  above  grass,  weeds, 
and  slower  growing  competitors,  and  by  the  thick  bark  which  by  the 
time  it  is  a  sapling  affords  excellent  protection  against  fire.  No  other 
species  can  successfully  compete  with  it,  under  existing  conditions,  over 
three-fourths  of  the  coastal  plain.  Neglected  by  both  cattle  and  hogs, 
it  is  subject  neither  to  the  browsings  which  suppress  broadleaf  species 
nor  to  the  destruction  to  which  the  longleaf  pine  is  exposed  by  having 
both  its  seed  and  roots  eaten  by  hogs. 

SEEDIXG. 

Loblolly  pine  seeds  abundantly  nearly  every  year.  From  60  to  70  per 
cent  of  the  seed  from  large  trees  are  viable.  The  seeds  are  light  (about 
17,000  to  20,000  cleaned  seed  to  a  pound)  with  large,  tenacious  wings, 
in  consequence  of  which  they  are  widely  disseminated  by  the  wind  upon 
the  maturing  and  opening  of  the  cones  after  frost  or  late  in  autumn. 
The  greater  part  of  the  seed  is  scattered  during  the  months  of  November 
and  December,  but  many  cones  do  not  open,  or  entirely  open,  until  con- 
siderably later,  so  that  some  seed  does  not  fall  until  spring.  The  dis- 
tance to  which  the  seed  is  scattered  varies  with  the  height  of  the  trees 
and  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  As  a  rule  in  two  seasons  an  area  will  be 
fairly  thickly  seeded  by  wind-sown  seed  to  a  distance  of  200  yards  from 
an  adjoining  forest  of  tall,  seed-bearing  trees,  if  the  prevailing  winds 
during  the  season,  when  the  cones  are  opening,  are  favorable.  (Plate 
IV.)  Seeding  is  progressive,  and  the  stocking  will  not  be  uniform 
but  denser  near  the  seed  trees.  Near  the  coast  the  prevailing  winds 
during  the  winter  are  from  the  east  and  northeast;  farther  inland  they 
are  from  the  northwest. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  VIII. 


»15  j 

g  3  g  * 


- 

S     M    "" 


*&  £    •" '    tc 

^         « 


LOBLOLLY  OK  NORTH  CAROLINA  I'l.NE.  4.") 

Isolated  trees  begin  to  produce  seed  when  about  15  years  old.  In 
r  ro  \vded  stands  the  age  of  cone  production  is  later,  between  the  twen- 
tieth and  twenty-fifth  year,  and  production  is  restricted  to  dominant 
trees.  Seed  production  is  relatively  scant,  however,  until  stands  are  40 
to  50  years  old. 

In  the  regularity  and  frequency  of  its  seeding  the  loblolly  pine  is  in 
strong  contrast  to  the  longleaf  pine,  which  bears  seed  abundantly  only 
at  intervals  of  several  years,  and  often  no  seed  at  all  over  extensive 
areas  during  the  intervening  period.  The  pocoson  pine  produces  some 
seed  nearly  every  year,  but  never  any  large  amount.  Its  cones  often 
remain  on  the  trees  unopened  for  several  years,  which  interferes  with 
the  propagation  of  that  species  and  the  general  distribution  of  its  seed. 
The  loblolly  pine  is  more  regular  and  prolific  in  its  seeding  than  the 
shortleaf. 

The  loblolly  pine  produces  its  flowers  about  the  tenth  of  April  in  the 
vicinity  of  Chapel  Hill,  ~N.  C.,  near  the  western  limits  of  its  distribu- 
tion, and  the  last  of  March  in  the  vicinity  of  Wilmington,  N".  C.  This 
is  too  late  in  the  season  to  be  injured  by  late  spring  frosts  which  at 
timos  interfere  with  the  setting  of  seed  of  the  longleaf  pine  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  its  range  in  North  Carolina.  The  cones  require  two  seasons 
in  which  to  mature. 

GERMINATION  AND  PLANT  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Most  of  the  seed  germinate  the  spring  after  maturing,  generally  be- 
tween the  first  of  March  and  middle  of  May,  the  time  varying  according 
to  the  warmth  of  tlie  season,  the  distance  from  the  coast  and  the  amount 
of  moisture  in  the  seedbed.  A  few  seed  apparently  lie  over  until  mid- 
summer. South  of  latitude  35  and  near  the  coast,  some  seed  apparently 
germinate  in  the  fall.  Germination  takes  place  either  in  the  shade  of 
old  trees,  or  in  the  direct  sunlight,  on  barely  moist  to  very  wet  soils. 
Xaked  earth  makes  the  best  seedbed,  as  the  roots  striking  at  once  into 
the  soil  do  not  dry  out.  This  accounts  for  the  thorough  stocking  of  old 
fields  notwithstanding  the  exposure  of  the  seed  to  the  sun.  Seed  will 
germinate  and  the  young  plants  take  root  in  soil  covered  with  a  heavy 
sod  of  coarse  grass,  such  as  broom  grass  which  often  grows  two  or  three 
feet  high.  Though  the  seed  will  germinate  on  damp  leaf  mould  of 
broadleaf  species  and  on  damp  pine  leaves  (straw)  and  litter,  the  young 
seedlings  on  account  of  their  superficial  root  system  are  liable  to  dry 
out.  The  seed  will  seldom  germinate  on  thick  beds  of  dry  leaves  or 
pine  needles,  and  it  is  generally  necessary  to  destroy  a  thick  layer  of 
litter  or  to  bring  the  mineral  soil  to  the  surface  before  restocking  can 
be  secured  in  such  situations.*  Occasionally  a  mossy  log  or  rotten 
stump  in  the  damp  shade  of  a  deep  swamp  has  young  seedlings  on  it,  but 
during  the  first  drought  of  summer  most  of  them  perish.  For  the  same 
reason  the  young  seedlings  secure  a  permanent  foothold  with  difficulty 
on  the  coarse  and  dry  sands  of  the  pine  barrens  which  are  so  porous 

*For  full  discussion  of  this  see  Proceedings  Society  American  Foresters,  1910,  page  90  and 
following. 


46  LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH   CAROLINA    PINE. 

and  thoroughly  drained  that  there  is  frequently  insufficient  moisture  for 
sprouting,  and  if  the  seed  germinate  the  young  plants  speedily  succumb 
to  drought.  Fields  which  have  been  abandoned  or  left  a  few  years  to 
fallow,  logged  over  areas,  and  burns  all  form  suitable  seedbeds. 

FUNGOUS    DISEASES    AND    INSECTS. 

So  far  as  known  the  older  trees  of  loblolly  pine  are  subject  to  few 
destructive  fungous  diseases.  On  some  low,  flat  lands,  especially  where 
fires  have  burned  around  the  collar  of  the  trunk,  the  trees  are  attacked 
by  a  root  rot  caused  by  a  species  of  Hydnum,  which  may  gain  entrance 
through  fire  scars.  Only  trees  large  enough  to  have  heartwood  are 
thus  affected.  The  upper  portions  of  the  stems  are  also  occasionally 
affected  by  redheart,  produced  by  Trametes  pint,  which  gains  entrance 
chiefly  at  broken  limbs  and  knot  holes.  Trees  less  than  75  years  old 
are  rarely  affected  by  redheart,  which  is  characteristically  a  disease  of 
old  age.  Another  fungus,  Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  occasionally  attacks 
the  heartwood.  Seedlings  seem  to  be  very  free  from  diseases.  They 
frequently  turn  an  olive  green  or  copper  color  in  the  spring,  but  this 
discoloration  is  not  a  disease. 

While  comparatively  free  from  fungous  diseases,  loblolly  pine  is  sub- 
ject to  the  attacks   of  the  pine  bark  beetle    (Dendroctonus  frontalis, 
Zimm.},  which  kills  trees  through  girdling  them  by  the  galleries  made 
beneath  the  bark  chiefly  in  the  middle  part  of  the  trunk.     A  few  weeks 
after  the  attack  the  leaves  begin  to  brown,  generally  at  the  top  of  the 
crown.     Stands  in  which  rapid  natural  thinning  is  taking  place  are  par- 
ticularly subject  to  attack.     Not  only  are  the  dying  and  weakened  inter- 
mediate and  suppressed  trees  thus  attacked,  but  sometimes  also  the  large 
and  healthy  dominant   trees   are  killed.        During  summer  lumbering 
many  young  trees  which  are  left  become  infested  by  the  beetle,  which 
breeds  freely  in  the  green  slash,  particularly  that  lying  in  the  shade, 
and  spreads  from  it  to  living  trees.     Trees  which  are  bruised  by  falling 
timber  or  in  skidding  are  first  attacked.     Several  broods  of  the  beetle 
are  produced   each   season.     The  broods,   which   develop   early   in   the 
spring,  emerge   and  attack  sound  near-by  trees,   and   as  the   different 
broods  develop  new  centers  of  infection  are  established.     In  forests  in 
which  there  is  a  large  admixture  of  broadleaf  species  the  damage  to  the 
pine  by  this  insect  is  less  than  in  pure  stands,  especially  in  the  old-field 
stands.     Many  of  the  old-field   stands  are  connected  with   farms  and 
where  the  distance  is  not  too  great  to  permit  fuel  to  be  hauled,  all  trees 
which   show  by  the  discoloration  of  their  foliage  any  signs  of  being 
affected  by  the  bark  beetles  should  be  promptly  removed.     If  infested 
trees  are  located  during  the  winter  and   are  cut  and  removed  before 
spring  the  brood  will  be  destroyed.     This  will  check  the  propagation  of 
the  insects  and  prevent  them  from  increasing  in  number  and  passing 
to  other  trees.     Wherever  it  is  possible  to  remove  such  attacked  tree- 
without  great  cost  they  should  be  promptly  cut.     It  is  more  difficult  to 
check  an  epidemic  during  the  spring  and  summer  after  the  broods  have 


LOBLOLLY  OR  NORTH   CAROLINA  PINE.  47 

begun  to  emerge.  The  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  United  Stato 
Department  of  Agriculture  gives  the  following  method  of  control  in  the 
summer  when  a.  group  of  trees  is  infested  and  begins  to  die.  Trees 
which  are  infested  should  be  promptly  cut  and  the  bark  peeled  and 
burned.  In  addition,  "if  felled  and  girdled  trees  are  provided  at  the 
proper  time,  so  that  the  beetles  will  be  attracted  to  them  at  the  period  of 
their  greatest  flight,  they  will  attack  such  trees  in  preference  to  the 
living,  uninjured  ones ;  then,  after  they  have  entered  the  inner  bark  and 
the  broods  are  partially  developed,  that  is,  before  they  have  entered  the 
outer  bark,  it  will  only  be  necessary  to  remove  the  bark  to  effectually 
destroy  them  and  thus  protect  the  healthy  timber.  If,  however,  the 
removal  of  the  bark  is  neglected  until  the  broods  have  entered  the  outer 
dry  portion,  it  will  be  necessary  to  burn  it  as  soon  as  it  is  removed." 

A  weevil  occasionally  destroys  the  terminal  shoot  of  the  young  tree, 
causing  a  forked  or  crooked  stem. 

The  wood  of  trees  which  are  blown  down  in  storms  or  which  are  killed 
by  fires  is  quickly  attacked  and  tunneled  by  sawyers,  the  larvae  of 
longicorn  and  other  beetles.  In  order  to  save  such  timber,  if  it  can  not 
be  promptly  used,  it  should  be  cut  and  put  in  water,  or  if  this  is  impos- 
sible, cut  and  peeled  of  the  bark. 

SENSITIVENESS    TO   FIRE. 

During  the  first  few  years  of  its  life  the  delicate  tissues  of  the  young 
pine  are  entirely  consumed  by  even  a  light  grass  fire.  After  the  young 
trees,  however,  attain  a  diameter  of  several  inches,  the  bark  around 
their  base  thickens  so  rapidly  that  they  are  seldom  seriously  injured  by 
winter  fires.  The  inner  bark  or  growing  tissue  becomes  active  several 
weeks  later  in  the  spring  in  the  loblolly  pine  than  in  the  longleaf  pine, 
and  for  this  reason  also  large  loblolly  pines  are  less  injured  by  early 
spring  fires  than  are  longleaf  pines.  It  is  an  exceptional  case,  there- 
fore, for  old  trees  of  loblolly  pine  to  be  severely  injured  by  early  spring 
fires  unless  they  are  crown  fires.  In  winter  or  early  spring  before  the 
sap  is  active,  young  trees  may  even  have  much  of  the  foliage  consumed 
without  the  fire  killing  the  trees.  Late  spring  and  summer  fires,  after 
the  growth  of  the  tree  has  begun,  are  far  more  destructive. 

The  fact  that  loblolly  pine  generally  grows  on  moister  soils  than  the 
longleaf  pine  undoubtedly  contributes  to  its  greater  freedom  from  fire 
injury;  at  times,  however,  even  the  wet  lands  and  swamps,  particularly 
those  with  peaty  soils,  are  badly  burned  during  dry  periods  in  summer 
or  in  autumn.  Such  fires  are  extremely  destructive  when  the  humus  is 
thick  and  undergrowth  dense.  To  protect  mature  timber  from  the 
disastrous  fires,  it  is  customary  to  burn  the  underbrush  during  calm 
weather  each  winter,  and  in  this  way  to  prevent  its  accumulation.  On 
loose,  level,  sandy  soils  having  the  water  table  near  the  surface,  where 
the  trees  do  not  suffer  from  drought,  the  yearly  destruction  of  a  large 
portion  of  the  litter  probably  affects  but  slightly  the  growth  of  the 


48 


LOBLOLLY   OR   NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 


trees.  On  drier,  and  especially  on  heavier  soils,  such  as  the  Sehna 
loams  and  Cecil  loams  and  clays,  the  presence  of  the  forest  litter  and 
humus  is  extremely  desirable  as  a  protection  against  excessive  evapora- 
tion of  soil  moisture.  The  litter  in  pine  forests  on  such  soils,  therefore, 
should  never  be  burned.  If  such  stands  demand  protection  from  fire  it 
should  be  given  by  means  of  broad  fire  lanes,  which  can  be  annually 
cleaned,  as  discussed  later. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  ascertain  the  effect  of  a  severe  fire  upon 
the  growth  of  loblolly  pine  when  the  land  was  foul  with  the  accumu- 
lated leaves  and  undergrowth  of  several  years.  Nearly  all  large  areas, 
even,  the  shallower  swamps,  unless  free  from  underwood,  have  been 
burned  at  some  time,  and  often  several  times,  and  traces  of  fire  on 
charred  logs  and  stumps  are  in  general  evidence,  except  in  some  of  the 
old  fields  and  fenced  areas.  A  grove  which  had  been  severely  burned  by 
having  all  the  undergrowth  of  gallberries  and  other  shrubs  destroyed  in 
the  early  part  of  the  summer  seven  years  before  the  examination,  and 
which  the  owner  asserted  had  not  been  burned  before  or  since  that 
year,  furnished  some  conclusive  data.  The  grove  was  on  a  well-drained 
heavy-loam  soil  near  Kinston,  and  had  an  average  age  of  about  50  years. 
The  result  of  the  fire  upon  the  accretion  is  shown  in  Table  12. 


TABLE  12. — THE  EFFECT  OF  A  SEVERE  BRUSH  FIRE  UPON  THE  GROWTH  IN  DIAMETER 
OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE. 


Diameter  breasthigh 
Inches 

Number  ol  trees 
measured 

Width  of  7  rings 
preceding  the  fire 

Inches 

Width  ot  7  tings 
after  the  fire 

Inches 

7 

2 

.3 

.2 

8 

2 

.3 

.15 

9 

4 

.5 

.3 

10 

3 

.7 

.3 

11 

5 

1.1 

.6 

12 

2 

1.0 

.6 

13 

3 

1.1 

.9 

The  trees  without  an  exception  show  a  sharp  decrease  in  the  width 
of  the  rings  in  the  year  following  the  burning,  while  their  width  gradu- 
ally increased  each  succeeding  year  as  the  trees  recovered  from  the 
effects  of  the  fire. 

CATTLE  AND   HOGS. 

The  chief  injury  by  cattle  to  loblolly  pine  is  by  trampling  the  seed- 
lings, although  the  shoot  may  be  bitten  off  in  grazing.  Swine  rarely 
dig  up  the  seedling  for  its  root.  Just  before  restocking,  the  presence  of 
swine  in  a  stand  is  advantageous  since  they  upturn  the  mineral  soil. 

Squirrels  and  wild  turkeys  do  not  destroy  the  seed  of  loblolly  as  they 
do  the  mast  of  longleaf  pine. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  49 

SLEET  AND  SNOW. 

The  leaders  of  loblolly  pine  are  sometimes  broken  by  sleet  or  wet 
snow,  particularly  in  the  northeastern  counties.  On  shallow  soils  the 
trees  are  in  exceptional  cases  overturned  by  the  weight  of  wet  snow. 

WIND-FIRMNESS. 

On  deep  mellow  soils  in  which  the  roots  descend  to  a  depth  of  three 
feet  or  more,  the  loblolly  pine  is  comparatively  wind-firm.  On  dry  and 
shallow  soils  the  roots  are  not  so  deeply  seated  or  so  firm,  and  the  trees 
are  more  subject  to  windfall.  The  danger  is  greatest  on  heavy  upland 
clays  and  on  shallow  sandy  soils  underlaid  by  hardpan.  In  the  old 
fields  on  the  red  clays  many  of  the  roots  often  fail  to  penetrate  below 
the  layers  loosened  in  plowing.  Stands  on  such  sites,  if  at  all  exposed, 
are  particularly  liable  to  suffer  severely  after  a  heavy  thinning  or  after 
culling.  The  number  of  windfalls,  three  years  after  lumbering  on  110 
acres  of  cut-over  land  having  a  dry,  compact  clay  soil  amounted  to  100 
trees,  8  inches  and  over  in  diameter,  or  about  4.5  per  cent  of  the  trees 
left.  On  the  deep  sandy  soils,  the  loss  from  windfall  after  lumbering  is 
negligible. 

THE  WOOD  AND  ITS  USES. 

QUALITIES. 

The  wood  of  the  loblolly  or  North  Carolina  pine  is  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  coarse  grained,  and  decays  rapidly  in  contact  with  the  soil.  It 
shrinks  and  checks  considerably  in  drying.  In  kiln  drying  the  shrink- 
age amounts  to  about  10  per  cent  of  cross  section  (not  length).  From 
3  to  4  per  cent  of  the  shrinkage  is  radial  and  6  to  7  per  cent  is  around 
the  circumference.  In  air  drying  the  shrinkage  is  less.*  The  shrink- 
age is  greatest  in  the  heavy  sapwood  from  the  base  of  young  trees  and 
least  in  the  lighter  heartwood  from  the  tops  of  old  trees.  The  wood, 
like  that  of  all  pine,  swells  again  after  commercial  kiln-drying  whenever 
exposed  to  dampness.  The  heartwood  is  yellowish  to  orange  brown  in 
color;  the  thick  sapwood  much  paler.  The  soft  spring  wood  in  each 
annual  layer  is  nearly  white,  while  the  very  hard  and  tough  summer 
band  is  dark  brown,  the  contrast  in  color  and  hardness  between  these 
two  layers  being  greatest  near  the  stump  and  in  the  center  of  the  log  in 
young,  thrifty  trees  which  have  formed  no  heartwood.  Although  the 
wood  from  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  coarse  grained,  the  summer 
band  is  very  narrow.  (Plate  X,  A.)  Because  of  the  great  differ- 
ence in  density  between  the  spring  and  summer  wood  coarse-grained 
boards,  when  planed,  do  not  readily  dress  to  a  perfectly  flat  surface. 
On  the  other  hand  there  is  great  adhesion  between  the  two  layers  which 
reduces  the  tendency  to  split  and  sliver,  so  common  in  many  coniferous 
woods.  j 

*Bul.  99,  U.  S.  Forest  Service. 
4 


50  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

As  would  be  expected  from  the  rapid  growth  of  the  tree  the  wood  is 
mostly  coarse  grained.  Thrifty  young  trees  frequently  have  as  few  as 
two  rings  to  the  inch  near  the  center  (Plate  IX,  A),  while  the  sapwood 
of  trees  more  than  100  years  of  age  may  exhibit  less  than  ten  rings  to 
the  inch.  Lumber  from  second  growth  trees  generally  has  from  5  to  8 
rings  of  annual  growth  to  the  inch;  that  from  large  old  trees  from  7  to 
10.  Ten  rings  to  the  inch  may  be  considered  fine  grained  for  this  spe- 
cies. The  green  wood  weighs  about  45  pounds  per  cubic  foot.  The  kiln- 
dried  wood,  average  of  the  tree,  weighs  about  31  pounds  to  the  cubic 
foot,  the  specific  gravity  being  about  .50.  It  is  about  five  pounds  per 
cubic  foot  lighter  than  that  of  the  longleaf  pine,  five  pounds  heavier  than 
that  of  white  pine,  and  slightly  heavier  than  that  of  the  shortleaf 
pine  of  the  Piedmont.  But  the  wood  varies  considerably  in  weight. 
That  from  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  of  'trees  which  have  hard, 
compact  wood  with  wide  summer  wood  in  the  annual  ring  (Plate 

IX,  A)    weighs    more    than    35    pounds    per    cubic    foot;    while    that 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  of  trees  with  narrow  summer  wood 
in   the   ring   of   annual   growth   weighs   less   than   the   average    (Plate 

X,  A),   commercial   wood   being   largely  from   the  lower  part   of  the 
stem  averages  about  33  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot  for  kiln-dried  material. 
The  green  wood  has  a  shipping  weight  of  4,200  pounds  for  1,000  feet  of 
inch  boards,  while  the  kiln-dried  wood  weighs  about  3,100  pounds  per 
1,000  feet  of  inch  boards.     Moisture  forms  50  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 
fresh  sapwood  and  about  25  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  heartwood. 
While  the  wood  is  weaker  (in  proportion  to  its  weight)  in  tensile,  shear- 
ing, and  bending  strength  than  that  of  either  longleaf  pine  or  white 
pine,  it  is  relatively  stronger  than  that  of  the  shortleaf  pine.     On 'ac- 
count of  its  relative  weakness  it  is  not  so  desirable  a  wood  as  white  pine 
for  certain  uses,  such  as  doors  and  small  packing  boxes. 

Heartwood  begins  to  form  between  the  twentieth  and  thirtieth  year?, 
earlier  on  good  soils  and  in  rapidly  growing  trees  than  on  poor  soib 
and  in  slowly  growing  intermediate  or  suppressed  trees.  The  number 
of  rings  of  sapwood  does  not  remain  the  same  throughout  the  life  of  the 
trees,  but  increases  with  age.  A  tree  thirty  years  old  is  practically  all 
sapwood,  seldom  having  more  than  a  small  core  of  heartwood  in  the 
butt  log.  Trees  one  hundred  years  old  have  from  60  to  65  rings  of 
sapwood,  while  trees  200  years  old  commonly  have  from  90  to  95  rings. 
Less  than  one-third  of  the  volume  of  trees  between  seventy  and  one  hun- 
dred years  old  is  heartwood;  and  less  than  one-half  of  the  volume  of 
trees  between  100  and  150  years  old.  Since  the  sapwood  of  this  pine,  on 
account  of  its  clearness  of  knots,  uniformly  bright  color,  and  freedom 
from  pitch  is  esteemed  for  interior  woodwork  fully  as  highly  as  the 
heartwood,  the  large  proportion  of  sapwood  is  considered  advantageous 
rather  than  otherwise.  (Plate  XII,  B.) 

The  wood  is  considerably  less  resinous  than  that  of  the  longleaf  pine, 
but  more  so  than  that  of  the  shortleaf  or  white  pine.  Dr.  Chas.  H. 
Herty,  the  well-known  authority  on  turpentine,  says  that  the  oleoresin 


BUKVJSX. 


PLATE  IX. 


Type  of  wood  from  lower  part  of  stem  in  old-field  stand.  The  coarse-grained  center  indicates  large 
knots.  This  tree  Became  codominant  or  intermediate  when  about  three  inches  on  the  radius.  The 
diameter  growth  was  slow  on  account  of  the  crowding  and  the  stem  cleaned  of  branches.  It  was 
isolated  by  thinning  when  three  and  one-half  inches  on  the  radius.  The  stem  at  that  time  resembled 
that  of  one  of  the  isolated  trees  shown  on  Plate  XVI.  As  a  result  of  this  thinning  the  growth  during 
the  past  ten  years  has  been  at  the  rate  of  one  inch  in  diameter  every  three  years.  While  the  wood 
formed  since  thinning  is  coarse  grained,  it  is  clear  and  free  from  knots.  The  large  amount  of  hard 
summerwood  is  characteristic  for  flatwoods  soils.  (Author's  illustration.) 


B.  Characteristic  wood  from  lower  logs  of  trees  in  mixed  stands,  medium  fine  and  even  gra'ned.  The  crown 
of  this  tree  overtopped  the  hardwoods  when  it  was  about  sixty  years  old  (at  3.3  inches  on  the  radius). 
Since  this  period  the  diameter  growth  has  been  at  the  rate  of  one  inch  every  four  years  (seven  and 
one-half  rings  to  the  inch  of  radius).  This  stem  is  practically  free  of  knots  for  sixty  feet  and  the 
wood  is  of  high  quality.  Nearly  the  same  result  can  be  obtained  by  the  method  of  cutting  which  is 
recommended  for  the  best  sites  which  seeks  to  develop  the  codominant  and  intermediate  trees  to  form 
the  mature  stand,  and  by  gradual  cutting  eventually  to  develop  the  best  of  the  suppressed  trees. 
Author's  illustration.) 

TYPES   OF   LOBLOLLY   PINE   WOOD. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AXD  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   X. 


A.      Characteristic  wood  from  middle  and  upper  section  of  rapidly  growing  tree.     The  relatively  small 
amount  of  hard  summerwood  in  this  portion  of  the  stem  is  typical.      (Author's  illustration.) 


B.      Wood  from  tree  growing  on  very  wet  soil,  showing  characteristic  irregularity  of  grain. 

(Author's  illustration.) 

TYPES   OF   LOBLOLLY   PINE   WOOD. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  51 

(crude  turpentine)  of  loblolly  pine  is  closely  allied  in  all  of  its  proper- 
ties to  that  of  the  longleaf  pine,  but  the  volatile  oil  evaporates  from  it 
veiy  rapidly  and  consequently  it  is  difficult  to  collect  the  material,  u 
much  of  it  remains  in  the  solid  condition  on  the  scarified  face  of  the 
tree.  The  relative  proportions  of  volatile  oil  and  resin  are  practically 
the  same  in  this  material  as  in  that  of  the  longleaf  pine,  but  the  total 
yield  per  season  is  much  less  from  the  loblolly  or  North  Carolina  pine. 
The  commercial  value  of  this  tree  for  turpentine  is  discussed  on  page  53. 

DEFECTS. 

The  most  common  defects  in  the  wood  are  extreme  coarseness  of  grain, 
lack  of  uniformity  of  texture,  and  large  knots;  pitch  streaks  and  small 
pitch  pockets,  which,  however,  affect  the  grade  of  less  than  one-half  of 
one  per  cent  of  the  boards  and  are  largely  limited  to  butt  logs;  while 
in  second  growth  trees,  especially  those  from  the  open  stands  in  old  fields, 
there  are  large  resinous,  but  tight  knots.  The  wood  is  seldom  affected 
by  windshake  or  hollows.  Redheart  occurs  in  less  than  five  per  cent 
of  the  larger  logs*  and  affects  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  lumber  which 
is  sawed  from  second  growth  trees  less  than  50  years  old.  The  propor- 
tion of  redheart  gradually  increases  with  the  age  of  the  tree  and  is 
higher  in  trees  grown  on  poor  than  on  good  quality  sites. 

The  wood  decays  rapidly  on  exposure  or  in  contact  with  the  soil. 
AY  hen  kiln-dried  or  even  thoroughly  air-dried,  the  coarse  grained  and 
more  porous  sapwood  is  readily  impregnated  with  preservatives.  The 
two  most  common  methods  are  creosoting  under  pressure  and  impreg- 
nating with  bichloride  of  zinc.  The  wood  is  attacked  by  several  species 
of  wood-destroying  fungi  when  it  is  exposed  to  suitable  moisture  condi- 
tions, the  sapwood  being  especially  susceptible  to  such  attacks.  The 
most  prevalent  and  destructive  of  these  fungi  are  Schizophyllum  com- 
mune, and  the  brown  root,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  which  causes  the  rapid 
decay  of  damp  undried  wood  and  is  particularly  destructive  to  ties, 
piling,  etc.  Merulius  lacrimans  and  Coniophora  cerebella  are  reported 
as  being  destructive  to  large  factory  timbers,  and  Polyporus  vaporius 
to  sills  and  flooring  near  the  ground.  Various  species  of  Thelephoracece, 
by  attacking  the  sugar  and  starch  in  the  cells  of  the  sapwood,  cause 
bluing  of  undried  lumber.  While  bluing  does  not  affect  the  strength  of 
the  wood,  it  lessens  the  value  of  sap  lumber,  which  otherwise  could  be 
used  for  finish  in  natural  grain.  Immersion  of  the  lumber  in  a  solution 
of  bicarbonate  of  soda  in  water  prevent  bluing,  but  it  has  been  aban- 
doned commercially  where  tried  in  favor  of  kiln  drying. 

*The  large  proportion  of  redheart  logs  which  are  cut  in  certain  swamps  is  from  the  pocoson  or 
black  bark  pine. 


52  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

USES. 

Loblolly  pine  lumber  under  the  trade  name  of  North  Carolina  pine 
is  used  for  finishing,  packing  boxes  and  construction  purposes.  If 
sawn  into  boards  the  lumber  is  generally  kiln  dried  and  graded,  a  large 
part  being  reworked  at  the  mills  into  finished  products.  The  clearer 
grades  are  used  for  flooring,  especially  when  rift  sawn  (6  to  12  annual 
layers  to  the  inch  particularly  suitable)  for  which  use  it  is  especially 
adapted  on  account  of  the  fact  that  it  slivers  less  than  most  of  the  pines, 
for  ceiling,  interior  woodwork,  styles  and  panels  of  doors,  for  blinds, 
sashes,  weather  boarding  and  trimmings,  and  the  lower  grades  for  box 
stock,  framing  and  scantling,  bridge,  factory,*  and  heavy  construction 
work.  It  has  extensively  taken  the  place  of  white  pine  or  has  supple- 
mented it  for  structural  uses,  being  found  in  all  markets  from  Pittsburg 
and  North  Tonawanda  to  Boston  and  certain  ports  in  Maine.  The  ex- 
ports have  likewise  been  steadily  increasing,  going  chiefly  to  English 
and  German  ports. 

It  enters  extensively  into  car  construction,  particularly  for  siding  and 
roofing,  and  into  ship,  boat  and  barge  construction.  A  large  amount 
of  medium  and  low  grade  stock  is  used  for  box-making,  slack  cooperage, 
and  headings,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the  best  recognized  woods  in  the  box 
and  slack  cooperage  trades.  Slabs  are  resawn  into  lath  and  copper 
sticks  for  smelter  use,  and  cut  on  a  horizontal  band  saw  into  heading  and 
crate  stock.  A  small  though  constantly  increasing  amount  is  used  both 
treated  and  untreated  for  mine  timbers,  chiefly  in  the  anthracite  fields 
of  eastern  Pennsylvania.  Mine  timber  is  sold  by  the  ton,  from  4  to  5 
tons  of  green  timber  being  required  to  produce  1,000  board  feet  log 
scale.  The  price  per  ton,  green  at  Norfolk,  depending  upon  the  size  of 
the  timber,  varies  from  $1.50  to  $3.  It  is  also  cut  into  veneers,  the 
lower  grades  being  used  for  fruit  and  vegetable  crates,  barrel  and  keg 
stock,  drawer  bottoms,  and  the  backs  of  cheap  furniture.  It  is  be- 
ing used  to  a  limited  extent  for  chemical  paper  pulp  stock,  and  this 
is  doubtless  one  of  the  most  important  undeveloped  uses  for  the  wood. 
On  account  of  the  resin  it  cannot  be  used  for  ground  fiber  pulp  and  for 
this  reason  cannot  compete  successfully  with  spruce  in  the  manufacture 
of  newspaper  and  cheap  book  paper.  On  account  of  its  great  weight, 
however,  unbleached  papers  can  be  successfully  made.  The  wood  fibers 
are  very  long,  strong,  thickwalled  and  tough  which  permits  the  manufac- 
ture of  very  superior  wrapping,  kraft  and  imitation  Manila  papers 
which  are  stronger  than  the  real  Manilas.  The  wood  can  be  treated  by 

•Dense  wood  to  meet  the  proposed  yellow  pine  grading  rules  for  factory  structural  timber  must 
have  between  the  third  and  fourth  inches  from  the  pith  one-fourth  of  the  volume  summer  wo  3d  if 
there  are  eight  rings  to  the  inch;  one-third  if  there  are  six  or  seven  rings  to  the  inch;  and  one-half  if 
the  wood  averages  four  rings  to  the  inch.  The  wood  shown  in  Plate  VII,  A  and  B  meets  these 
specifications.  Such  wood  is  produced  on  the  best  class  of  flatwoods  soils.  (See  Loblolly  pine  on  long- 
leaf  pine  flat  lands).  The  Panama  Canal  requires  only  six  rings  to  the  inch  between  the  third  and 
fourth  inches.  The  Georgia-Florida  Sawmill  Association  requires  a  minimum  of  six  rings  to  the  inch 
between  the  third  and  fourth  inches  and  one-third  summer  wood. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  53 

the  soda  or  sulphate  processes  to  effect  the  destruction  or  partial  destruc- 
tion of  the  resin  and  disintegration  of  the  fiber;  or  after  being  chipped 
the  resin  can  be  distilled  off.  There  is  a  loss  in  weight  by  these  processes 
of  about  50  per  cent;  consequently  a  cord  (128  feet)  of  peeled  wood 
weighing  about  3,000  pounds  will  make  only  about  1,500  pounds  of 
paper.  At  present  comparative  prices  of  kraft  paper  and  No.  4  lum- 
ber, low  grade  timber  is  more  profitably  converted  into  paper  than  into 
lumber  since  the  very  knotty  tops  can  be  utilized  by  the  chemical  pulp 
processes.  A  mill  at  Roanoke  Rapids  is  now  employing  such  a  process 
in  the  manufacture  of  kraft  paper  for  wrapping  purposes. 

While  the  wood  of  loblolly  pine  is  less  suitable  than  that  of  spruce 
for  the  manufacture  of  composition  board  on  account  of  the  great  loss 
in  weight  resulting  from  the  necessity  of  using  a  chemical  process  to 
disintegrate  the  fibers,  it  is,  on  account  of  its  cheapness  and  great  weight, 
being  successfully  employed  for  this  purpose.  A  plant  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  composition  board  is  also  in  operation  at  Roanoke  Rapids. 

It  is  also  being  used  for  the  production  of  wood  alcohol,  the  resin 
being  first  distilled  after  which  the  alcohol  is  produced.  A  large  plant 
for  the  production  of  wood  alcohol  from  sawdust  and  waste  has  recently 
been  erected  at  Georgetown,  S.  C.  The  waste  can  also  be  used  for 
the  production  of  producer  gas.  This  is  a  recent  process  the  employ- 
ment of  which  will  enable  a  large  amount  of  power  to  be  obtained  from 
mill  waste  in  excess  of  the  requirements  of  the  sawmill  plant. 

North  Carolina  pine  is  extensively  used  for  cross  arms  for  electric 
wires,  wire  poles  and  for  light  railroad  ties,  being  well  suited  for  these 
uses  after  treatment  with  preservatives.  On  account  of  its  softness 
and  susceptibility  of  abrasion  it  can  not  be  used  as  a  tie  for  heavy 
traffic  without  a  tie  plate.  Near  the  coast  the  timber  is  extensively 
used  for  piling;  sticks  of  timber  exceeding  100  feet  in  length  being 
occasionally  required  for  this  use.  Treated  with  preservatives  it  is 
being  used  for  street  paving  blocks,  the  heavy  types  of  wood  with  not 
less  than  8  rings  to  the  inch  being  required.  It  is  very  extensively  used 
throughout  the  coastal  plain  for  fuel  for  manufacturing  as  well  as 
domestic  use,  and  to  some  extent  for  charcoal.  Near  towns  such  mill 
waste  as  is  otherwise  unusable  is  converted  into  fuel  billets  and  kindling 

wood. 

COMMERCIAL  VALUE  FOR  TURPENTINE.* 

The  loblolly  pine  exudes  an  oleoresin  when  wounded,  which  is  occa- 
sionally in  fairly  remunerative  quantities,  but  as  a  rule  the  yield  of 
crude  turpentine  is  so  much  less  than  from  the  longleaf  and  Cuban  pines 
(the  common  commercial  sources  of  crude  turpentine)  that  no  general 
tapping  of  this  tree  is  practiced. 

The  oleoresin  exudes  from  the  wounded  tree  as  clear  limpid  drops. 
However,  crystallization  of  the  dissolved  acids  takes  place  very  rapidly, 
so  that  much  of  the  material  remains  sticking  upon  the  scarified  surface 

•This  section  has  been  prepared  by  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Herty,  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 


54  LOBLOLLY    OE    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

of  the  tree  as  "scrape."  This  unusually  rapid  crystallization  of  the 
mass  leads  to  the  consequent  rapid  evaporation  of  its  content  of  spirits 
of  turpentine.  Analysis  of  the  perfectly  fresh  oleoresin  shows  a  normal 
amount  of  spirits  'of  turpentine,  but  the  collected  gum,  after  standing 
several  weeks  in  the  receptacles,  as  in  ordinary  practice,  shows  a  much 
lower  per  cent  of  volatile  oil.  For  this  reason  it  seems  quite  probable 
that  if  this  pine  is  ever  to  be  utilized  on  any  large  scale  as  a  source  of 
crude  turpentine  the  usual  methods  employed  in  gathering  must  be 
materially  modified. 

An  analysis  of  the  crude  turpentine  from  the  first  four  weeks  of  chip- 
ping in  July  showed  17.58  per  cent  of  spirits  of  turpentine,  the  collec- 
tion at  the  end  of  four  more  weeks  of  chipping  showed  only  14.11  per 
cent.  The  spirits  of  turpentine  thus  obtained  was  found  to  have  proper- 
ties identical  with  those  of  commercial  spirits  of  turpentine.  The  oleo- 
resin is  characterized  by  an  unusually  small  amount,  4.2  per  cent,  of 
unsaponifiable  matter.  The  rosin  left  after  distillation  of  the  spirits  of 
turpentine  resembles  closely  commercial  rosin  and  has  an  acid  number 
of  172. 

GROWTH. 

The  growth  of  loblolly  varies  considerably  with  the  character  of  soil. 
In  accordance  with  the  rapidity  of  growth  there  may  be  recognized  three 
quality  classes  which  are  determined  by  the  character  of  the  soil  or  site. 
The  maximum*  figures  of  growth  and  yield  are  those  for  better  condi- 
tions than  Quality  Site  I,  and  the  minimum  for  poorer  conditions  than 
Quality  Site  III.  Both  the  maximum  and  minimum  figures,  however, 
are  averages  of  stands  both  better  and  poorer  than  the  figures  indicate. 
The  figures  of  growth  which  are  given  for  any  quality  site  are  averages 
which  embrace  stands  having  a  considerable  range  both  above  and  below 
these  figures,  the  limit  of  range  being  approximately  one-half  the  in- 
terval between  a  given  Quality  class  and  those  next  to  it.t 

Quality  Class  I.  This  class  includes  stands  of  loblolly  pine  that 
make  rapid  growth  and  produce  very  heavy  yields  per  acre.  These  are 
found  on  loams,  sandy  loams,  and  clay  loams  (particularly  those  desig- 


*Details  of  several  oi  the  best  stands  are  given  below: 

One-fourth  acre  had  a  stand  120  years  old  the  yield  of  which  was  at  the  rate  of  12,760  cubic  feet  ot 
stem  wood  without  bark,  and  71,600  board  feet  mill  cut  ^  inch  kerf.  The  total  number  of  trees  per 
acre  was  at  the  rat?  of  216;  basal  area  including  bark,  284  square  feet;  average  diameter  of  the  trees 
15.5  inch;  and  average  height  of  dominant  trees  115  feet.  (Lenoir  County.) 

Another  excellent  stand  which  had  an  ave;age  age  of  not  more  than  60  years,  had  a  cubic  volume  of 
9,930  feet  of  stem  wood  without  bark  per  acre,  54,200  board  feet  mill  cut,  ^  inch  kerf;  basal  area  out- 
side of  bark  of  233  square  feet;  and  contained  180  trees  6  inches  and  over,  which  had  an  average 
diameter  of  16.6  inches.  The  dominant  trees  were  120  feet  high.  (Washington  County.) 

The  best  young  stand,  29  years  old,  was  in  an  old  field  stand  on  a  moist  sits  in  Pitt  County.  The 
total  cubic  volume  per  acre  was  7,480  feet  of  stem  wood  without  bark;  the  board  measure  volume  7 
inch  kerf,  37,277  feet;  and  basal  area  outside  of  the  bark  249  square  feet.  There  were  320  trees  per  acre 
having  an  average  diameter  of  11.9  inches.  The  average  height  of  dominant  trees  was  nearly  80  feet. 

tThe  figures  which  are  given  for  number  of  trees  per  acre,  height  of  stand  of  dominant  trees,  vol- 
ume in  board  feet  or  cubic  feet,  and  basal  area  per  acre  for  stands  on  different  quality  sites  at  differ- 
ent ages,  are  averages  which  would  embrace  stands  having  a  considerable  range  both  above  and  be- 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


55 


n;it('(l  MS  the  Portsmouth  soil  series  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the  U.  S. 
I  ifpartment  of  Agriculture)  in  which  the  water  table  seldom  sinks 
more  than  12  feet  below  the  surface  during  the  growing  season,  yet 
which  on  account  of  surface  drainage  or  porosity  are  never  flooded  for 
ed  periods;  alluvial  lands,  particularly  those  with  loamy  soils 


low  this  average.  The  wide  limits  of  such  variations  are  shown  below  in  a  list  of  stands  of  different 
ages,  which  wen1  referred  to  Quality  II.  A  (*)  indicates  stands  which  seemed  to  be  under-stocked;  a  (t) 
stands  which  seemed  to  be  excessively  crowded;  stands  which  have  been  thinned  are  indicated  by 
(t).  Basal  area  refers  to  ths  area  of  thff  cross  section  (inside  or  outside  of  bark)  at  breasthigh  of 
all  trees  on  an  acre. 

QUALITY  II  STANDS,  SHOWING  RANOE  OP  VARIATION  IN  AVERAGE  DIAMETER,  IN  VOLUME,  BASAL 
AREA  AND  NUMBER  OF  TREES  PER  ACRE. 


Age  of 
stand 

Years 

Height  of 
dominant 
trees 

Feet 

Average 
Diameter 
breasthigh 
of  all 
trees  3" 
and  over 

Inches 

Volume  per  acre 

Number  of 
trees  3"  and 
over 

Per  acre 

Basal  area 
per  acre 

Square  fee 

Cubic  feet, 
wood  only 

Board  feet, 
1-7'  kerf 

22 

45 

5.7 

2,247 

5,120 

836 

t!46 

22 

50 

4.4 

2,437 

2,536 

1,364 

146 

23 

50 

4.9 

2,367 

2,526 

1,076 

142 

26 

50 

4.9 

2,568 

6,211 

1,173 

156 

30 

54 

6.3 

3,128 

10,600 

800 

172 

30 

63 

6.4 

2,893 

12,362 

559 

•128 

32 

62 

7.3 

3,628 

14,928 

544 

156 

34 

69 

9.1 

4,926 

23,240 

410 

J188 

35 

78 

7.4 

4,538 

21,692 

519 

152 

35 

68 

10.9 

4,553 

21,905 

260 

•168 

35 

72 

10.0 

5,310 

26,344 

348 

{188 

35 

74 

8.7 

4,554 

24,432 

400 

166 

37 

70 

.        9.1 

4,241 

20,330 

360 

161 

38 

74 

9.4 

5,918 

29,550 

440 

1212 

38 

71 

7.7 

4,299 

19,680 

480 

154 

43 

85 

9.0 

4,619 

24,730 

319 

•142 

44 

85 

10.0 

5,096 

26,779 

292 

•156 

44 

85 

10.4 

5,732 

27,374 

310 

182 

45 

87 

11.2 

6,610 

34.  100 

290 

200 

51 

90 

15.7 

6,575 

33,813 

140 

187 

52 

87 

9.5 

6,544 

32,290 

410 

t202 

55 

85 

10.3 

5,617 

28,774 

285 

176 

60 

89 

10.7 

6,348 

32,400 

306 

193 

60 

90 

12.8 

6,277 

32,203 

203 

t!83 

62 

92 

10.1 

6,353 

32,309 

333 

183 

64 

97 

13.5 

7,581 

39,715 

210 

208 

75 

94 

15.5 

7,182 

39,958 

144 

192 

80 

110 

15.8 

&,748 

52,888 

160 

225 

80 

113 

15.7 

7,896 

43,745 

132 

176 

88 

109 

12.4 

7,329 

39,513 

206 

J173 

100 

98 

17.2 

6,910 

39,037 

110 

•177 

110 

105 

15.5 

7,633 

41,181 

151 

197 

The  relation  of  number  of  trees,  and  average  diameter  to  yield  in  board  feet  is  shown  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  two  22-year  old  stands  and  the  60  and  62  year  old  stands.  Some  of  the  stands  given  as 
Quality  II  approach  Quality  I,  others  approach  Quality  III.  The  second  38-year  old  stand  closely 
approaches  Quality  III.  The  80-year  old  stands  approach  Quality  1. 


56 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


which  are  subject  to  flooding  for  only  a  few  days  at  a  time;  moist  peaty 
soils,  where  the  peat  is  in  process  of  humification  and  along  the  margin 
of  swamps. 


Normal  HI  Quality 

water 

table 
daring- 
grow  i  ng- 

season 

10  ft. 


aott 


31 


Kolation  between  loblolly  pine  quality  sites  and  depth  of  water  table  in  sofls  of 
different  texture.      (Author's   illustration.) 

Quality  Class  II.  This  class  embraces  the  stands  of  medium  growth 
on  the  great  body  of  the  upland  soils  of  eastern  North  Carolina.  The 
soils  of  this  quality  class  include  the  greater  portion  of  the  flat  woods 
(consisting  of  the  more  level  tracts  of  Norfolk  fine  sands,  loams,  and 
silts,  as  designated  by  the  Bureau  of  Soils)  the  Selma  silt  and  Selma 
loam,  with  the  water  table  usually  about  20  feet  below  the  surface, 
formerly  largely  occupied  by  the  longleaf  pine;  compact  clays  occupied 
by  hardwood  swamps;  the  rolling  loams  and  clay  loams  of  the  Norfolk 
series,  largely  north  of  the  Eoanoke  Eiver  and  in  Chowan,  Gates,  and 
Northampton  counties,  formerly  partly  occupied  by  shortleaf  pine. 
The  usual  depth  of  the  water  table  in  these  soils  is  from  20  to  25  feet 
below  the  surface.  It  is  lowest  for  this  quality  in  the  fine  grained  sands 
and  loams. 

Quality  Class  HI.  This  includes  loblolly  pine  stands  of  very  slow 
growth.  The  soils  characteristic  of  these  are  the  better  drained  parts 
of  the  flat  woods,  particularly  the  areas  with  compact  clay  soils  (char- 
acterized by  roundleaf  blackjack  oak  and  post  oak) ;  the  rolling  piney 
lands  and  the  Piedmont  uplands ;  the  savannas,  edges  of  pocosons,  sand 
hills,  and  swamps  subject  to  prolonged  overflow,  or  difficult  to  drain. 
The  upland  soils  as  a  rule  have  the  water  table  during  the  growing 
season  from  20  to  45  feet  below  the  surface.  The  soils  of  some  of  the 
poorly  drained  areas  (very  level  clays,  silts  and  peats  are  frequently  satu- 
rated for  long  periods  during  the  growing  season,  alternating  in  the 
case  of  clays  with  periods  of  semi-drought  on  account  of  the  large 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVKY. 


PLATE  XI. 


Fully-stocked  stand  thirty-five  years  old,   Quality  II,   in  old  field  on  upland  of  good  quality,  following  oak, 

hickory  and  shortleaf  pine.     The  density  is  good;  the  growth,  however,  is  beginning  to  decline,  and 

the  stand  would  be  much  benefited  by  a  thinning.      (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  57 

amount  of  hygroscopic  water  held  by  heavy  clays  which  is  not  available 
for  plant  growth. 

Old  Field  Stands.  The  old  field  stands  on  very  sandy  uplands  and  on 
clay  uplands,  particularly  those  on  the  Piedmont  red  clays  (Cecil  soil 
series)  when  young  fall  for  the  most  part  into  Quality  I  or  Quality  II, 
but  their  rate  of  growth  declines  rapidly  after  a  few  decades,  some- 
times before  the  end  of  the  second  decade,  and  they  eventually  fall 
into  Quality  III.  The  chief  cause  for  this  is  that  the  demands 
of  the  stand  upon  soil  moisture  soon  reach  the  limits  of  available 
supply.  Moreover,  on  the  upland  clays  the  top  soil  in  the  old  cul- 
tivated fields  is  at  first  loose,  permitting  the  roots  freely  to  pene- 
trate it,  and  has  a  high  moisture  carrying  capacity.  In  a  'few  years  this 
soil  becomes  more  compact  and  its  water  carrying  capacity  declines. 
This  checks  the  growth  of  the  lateral  roots  and  as  the  taproot  descends 
deeper  into  the  unbroken  layer  which  has  never  been  disturbed  by  the 
plow,  the  rate  of  growth  of  the  tree  declines. 

DETERMINATION   OF  QUALITY  SITES. 

The  rate  of  height  growth  or  the  height  of  dominant  trees  at  a  given 
age  in  fully  stocked  groups  is  the  most  ready  method  of  ascertaining 
the  quality  site  when  there  is  growing  timber  (Table  13).  It  is  de- 
sirable in  the  case  of  middle-aged  or  old  stands  to  correlate  height  with 
volume  and  basal  area  per  acre  (Table  35),  relative  height,  relation  of 
diameter  to  total  height  (Table  15).  In  the  case  of  young  stands  espe- 
cially on  dry  upland  sites  all  of  these  are  unreliable  factors  for  predict- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  soil  to  sustain  old  stands  and  they  should  be  sup- 
plemented by  ascertaining  the  texture  of  the  soil  and  depth  of  water 
table.  The  original  forest  type  where  indications  of  it  remain  should 
be  examined  to  determine  the  undershrubs  and  to  compare  with  Table  1. 
Abundance  of  particular  undershrubs  is  a  general  guide  to  this  extent; 
a  rank  growth  of  gallberry  (Ilex  glabra]  indicates  a  site  highly  favor- 
able for  the  rapid  growth  of  the  pine ;  wire  grass  (Aristida  stricta)  and 
low  bush  black  huckleberry  (Vaccinium  tenellum)  indicates  sites  which 
are  becoming  too  dry;  sphagnam  mosses  and  evergreen  fetter  bush 
(Andromeda  or  Pieris  nitida}  sites  which  are  becoming  too  wet.  The 
approximate  relation  of  the  height  of  the  water  table  in  different  kinds 
of  soil  to  the  quality  site  for  loblolly  pine  is  shown  in  Figure  3  which 
gives  the  results  of  a  preliminary  study  of  these  important  problems. 
The  impossibility  of  depending  solely  upon  height  at  younger  ages  for 
interpreting  quality  site  is  illustrated  in  the  stand  which  is  presented  in 
Tables  14,  18  and  20,  column  4.  The  rapid  diameter  and  height  growth 
of  this  stand  during  the  early  decades  is  followed  during  the  fifth 
decade  by  an  abrupt  decline  which  is  reflected  by  an  equally  abrupt  cul- 
mination in  the  volume  of  the  stand.  On  the  other  hand,  the  growth  of 
the  trees  in  column  1  in  the  same  tables  shows  a  slower  but  sustained 
rate  of  height  growth,  while  the. decline  does  not  begin  until  a  much  later 
period. 


58  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

Since  loblolly  pine  normally  grows  in  a  large  part  of  its  range  in  pure 
even-aged  stands  or  groups,  there  is  given  not  only  the  rate  of  growth  of 
trees  as  individual  specimens  but  also  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
average  tree  in  even-aged  stands,  and  the  growth  of  the  average  tree  of 
each  of  the  different  crown  classes,  dominant,  intermediate,  and  sup- 
pressed.* 

GROWTH  IN  HEIGHT. 

Loblolly  pine  attains  on  an  average  a  height  of  about  only  two  feet 
during  the  first  two  to  four  years.  After  that  it  at  once  begins  to  grow 
rapidly  in  height.  The  stage  of  rapid  growth  lasts  until  the  thirtieth  or 
fortieth  year  on  best  sites  and  until  the  fiftieth  or  even  sixtieth  year  on 
inferior  sites.  Table  13  gives  the  heights  of  the  different  crown  classes 
in  fully  stocked  unthinned  stands  at  different  ages  on  different  quality 
sites  and  the  periodic  annual  growth.  The  periodic  annual  growth 
which  is  the  annual  growth  during  five-year  periods  shows  that  after 
the  fiftieth  year  the  growth  in  height  is  less  than  one  foot  a  year. 


'The  dominant  trees  in  a  stand  are  such  as  overtop,  even  slightly,  all  others  and  whose  large  crowns 
are  in  full  sunlight;  intermediate  trees  are  lower  in  height  than  the  dominant  and  have  slender  stems 
and  narrow,  compressed  crowns  which  receive  only  a  scant  amount  of  direct  sunlight;  suppressed  trees 
are  entirely  overtopped  and  receive  only  such  sunlight  as  filters  through  the  foliage  of  the  taller  trees. 
Dominant  trees  are  making  most  rapid  growth  both  in  height  and  diameter;  intermediate  trees  are 
yet  making  rapid  height  growth,  but  their  diameter  growth  has  fallen  behind;  suppressed  trees  are 
making  very  little  growth  either  in  height  or  diameter. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


59 


c- 


Sc 
o  g 

Qa 


nte 
edi 


Inter- 
mediate 


"3  -a     E 


60  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

Table  14  gives  the  height  of  trees  in  fully  stocked  stands  for  differ- 
ent diameters  on  different  site  classes. 

On  best  sites  in  pure  stands  height  growth  reaches  its  maximum 
rate  between  the  seventh  and  fifteenth  years.  Dominant  trees  in  such 
groups  during  this  period  will  often  make  a  growth  of  four  feet  a  year 
for  several  years,  while  the  average  rate  of  height  growth  during  this 
period  on  all  sites  of  the  first  quality  is  nearly  three  and  one-half  feet 
a  year.  During  the  second  decade  the  growth  averages  three  feet 
a  year.  On  poorer  sites  the  rate  of  height  growth  culminates  later.  On 
sites  of  Quality  III,  culmination  does  not  take  place  until  between 
the  eighteenth  and  thirtieth  years. 

Single  trees  and  small  groups  of  trees  growing  among  hardwoods  on 
stiff  clay  soils  attain  the  maximum  rate  of  growth  very  late,  between 
the  thirtieth  and  fortieth  years,  and  the  same  is  true  of  some  groups 
growing  on  the  most  unfavorable  sites  (Table  14,  columns  1  and  6). 
The  growth  on  old  fields  on  the  uplands  is  rapid  at  first  but  decreases 
after  the  fortieth  year;  such  old  field  stands,  therefore,  if  old,  have  an 
average  rate  of  growth  characteristic  of  slow  growing  stands.  This 
is  well  illustrated  by  the  growth  of  loblolly  pine  on  cultivated  soil  on  a 
very  sandy,  well  drained  knoll  in  the  midst  of  a  longleaf  pine  forest 
(Table  14,  column  4).  Thus,  the  average  annual  growth  in  height 
during  the  first  decade  was  2.1  feet,  during  the  second  decade  2.7  feet, 
the  third  decade  2.4  feet,  the  fourth  decade  1.0  feet,  and  the  fifth  decade 
.3  feet. 

The  growth  on  very  wet  sites,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  growth  of  the 
loblolly  pine  in  mixture  with  cypress  and  black  gum  of  the  same  age, 
is  slow.  (Table  14,  column  6.)  The  pine,  however,  had  slightly  out- 
grown in  height  the  black  gum  and  the  cypress.  The  soil  is  a  loamy 
sand,  covered  with  one  or  two  feet  of  flowing  water  during  most  of  the 
winter  and  spring  and  often  for  a  few  days  at  a  time  during  the  growing 
season. 

The  growth  of  the  pine  on  the  best  alluvial  soil  in  even-aged  groups 
where  the  competition  for  the  light  is  keen  is  very  rapid  (Table  14, 
column  2). 

The  growth  given  in  Table  14  is  the  average  growth  of  suppressed,  in- 
termediate and  dominant  trees.  Single  dominant  trees  therefore  have  a 
much  better  growth,  while  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees  have  a 
much  slower  growth  than  that  of  the  average  tree. 

Table  15  gives  the  relation  of  diameter  to  height,  the  merchantable 
length  of  trees  of  different  diameters  on  different  quality  sites, -and  the 
per  cent  of  merchantable  length  to  total  height.  Top  diameters  of  mer- 
chantable length  are  given  in  Tables  24  to  31. 


LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


61 


TABLE  14. — HEIGHT  GROWTH  OP  LOBLOLLY  PINE  ON  DIFFERENT  SITES. 


Age  of 
stand 

Years 

Quality 

I 

I 

III 

II 

III 

II 

W 
Mixed  with 
hardwoods. 
Moist,  stiff 
clay  soil. 
Stand 
crowded 

(2) 
Best  moist, 
loamy,  al- 
luvial soil. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(3) 
Longleaf 
and  poroson 
pine  flat 
lauds. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(4) 
Oldfield 
on  a  long- 
leaf  pine 
sandhill. 
Stand 
crowded 

(5) 
Dry  silt 
sand  flats 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(6) 
Mixed  with 
cypress 
in  deep 
swamps. 
Stand 
crowded 

Feet 

10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
200 
240 

7 
20 
38 
60 
7J 
85 
93 
101 
107 
111 
119 
126 
131 
134 
137 
140 

20 
47 
68 
85 
99 
109 
116 

11 

26 
45 

62 
71 

77 
82 
85 
87 
90 
95 
99 
102 
106 
108 

21 

48 
72 
82 
85 

7 
11 
17 
25 
32 
37 

9 
29 
43 
56 
67 
78 
88 
95 
101 

62 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    FIXE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  63 

GROWTH   IN    DIAMETER. 

Table  16  shows  the  average  growth  in  diameter  at  breast  height  of  all 
trees  (0  inches  and  over),  the  diameter  growth  of  dominant  trees  in 
fully  stocked  unthinned  stands,  the  diameter  growth  of  dominant  trees 
in  open  .-lands,  and  the  number  of  years  required  to  grow  one  inch  in 
diameter. 

All  the  diameter  measurements  of  standing  trees,  unless  otherwise 
stated,  were  taken  at  a  uniform  height  of  4  feet  6  inches  from  the 
ground  called  "breastheight."  Breasthigh  measurements  made  outside 
cf  the  bark  are  a  better  guide  for  determining  the  growth  in  diameter 
than  stump  measurements,  as  in  this  way  the  variations  due  to  the 
height  of  the  stump  and  butt  swellings  are  eliminated. 

It  is  often  desirable  to  convert  diameter  at  stump  height  inside  of 
bark  to  diameter  at  breastheight  outside  of  bark.  This  relation  is 
shown  in  Table  17.  It  can  be  used  in  obtaining  the  breasthigh  diameter 
from  stumps  on  cut-over  land.  (Also,  see  Table  8.) 

The  culmination  of  the  diameter  growth  often  takes  place  as  early 
as  during  the  first  decade  and  seldom  later  than  in  the  fourth  decade. 

Table  18  shows  the  diameter  growth  on  stumps  by  decades  for  typical 
groups  on  different  sites.  Column  1  shows  the  diameter  growth  of  a 
crowded  group  of  loblolly  pines  mixed  with  hardwoods  on  moist  stiff 
clay  soil.  The  growth  in  diameter  does  not  culminate  until  between 
the  thirtieth  and  fortieth  years;  the  growth  is  so  persistent  that  at  the 
age  of  130  years  it  amounts  to  nearly  1.5  inches  for  the  decade.  The 
rate  of  diameter  growth,  however,  is  much  less  than  that  -of  the  open 
stand  given  in  column  2,  which  shows  a  group  of  trees  on  loose  loamy 
soil  on  the  edge  of  a  pond,  near  Howard,  Bertie  County.  It  is  an 
excellent  example  of  persistent  and  rapid  diameter  growth,  the  increase 
between  the  eightieth  and  ninetieth  years  amounting  to  nearly  1.8 
inches  on  the  stump.  Similar,  if  not  better,  results  can  probably  be 
obtained  from  all  stands  of  Quality  I,  provided  they  are  properly 
thinned.  (Plate  IX,  B.) 


64 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  16  —GROWTH  IN  DIAMETER,  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES,  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND 
OVER,  AND  OF  DOMINANT  TREES  Six  IN:HES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  ; 
OF  DOMINANT  TREES  IN  OPEN  STANDS;  AND  THE  NUMBER  OF  YEARS  REQUIRED  TO  GROW  AN  INCH. 


Age  of 
stand 

Years 

Fully  stocked  stands 

Open  stands 
Dominant  trees 

All  trees 

Dominant  trees 

Diameter 
Inches 

No.  of  years 
to  grow  an 
inch 

Diameter 
Inches 

No.  of  years 
to  grow  an 
inch 

Diameter 
Inches 

No.  of  years 
to  grow  an 
inch 

Quality  I 


20 

7.1 

7.6 

10.8 

25 

8.2 

4 

9.1 

3 

12.7 

3 

30 

9.3 

5 

10.4 

4 

14.2 

3 

40 

11.4 

5 

13.2 

4 

16.9 

4 

50. 

13.2 

6 

15.7 

5 

19.2 

4 

60 

14.8 

6 

17.4 

6 

21.0 

5 

70 

16.1 

7 

18.8 

6 

22.6 

6 

80 

17.3 

8 

20.0 

7 

24.0 

6 

90 

18.3 

10 

21.2 

8 

25.3 

7 

100 

19.1 

11 

22.3 

9 

Quality  II 


20 

6.4 

6.5 

Q   rt 

25 

7.5 

5 

7.8 

4 

9.4 

3 

30  , 

8.5 

o 

8.8 

4 

10.6 

3 

40 

10.3 

6 

10.8 

5 

13.0 

4 

50 

11.9 

6 

12.8 

5 

15.2 

5 

60 

13.2 

7 

14.5 

7 

16.9 

6 

70 

14.3 

9 

15.9 

8 

18.4 

7 

80 

15.3 

10 

17.0 

9 

19.7 

8 

90 

16.2 

11 

18.1 

9 

20.8 

9 

100 

17.0 

12 

19.1 

10 

Quality  III 


20 

6.1 

6.2 

6.9 

25 

6.8 

6 

7.2 

5 

8.0 

4 

30 

7.6 

6 

8.2 

5 

9.1 

5 

40 

9.1 

7 

10.0 

6 

11.1 

5 

50 

10.5 

8 

11.7 

6 

12.8 

5 

60 

11.7 

9 

13.1 

7 

14.3 

7 

70 

12.7 

10 

14.3 

8 

15.7 

7 

80 

13.6 

11 

15.4 

9 

17.0 

8 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


65 


TABLE  17.— DIAMETER  BREASTHIQH  OUTSIDE  THE  BARK  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AND  THE  CORRESPOND- 
ING STUMP  DIAMETER  INSIDE  THE  BARK. 


Diameter  breasthigh 
outside  bark 

Inches 

Average  height  of 
stump 

Feet    Inches 

Stump  diameter 
inside  of  bark 

Inches 

Difference  between  the 
stump  and  breasthigh 
diameter 

Inches 

8 

1           1 

8.2 

.2 

9 

1           1 

9.0 

.0 

10 

1           2 

9.9 

.1 

11 

1           3 

10.0 

.1 

12 

1           4 

11.8 

.2 

13 

1           5 

12.7 

.3 

14 

1           6 

13.6 

.4 

15 

1           7 

14.4 

.6 

16 

1           8 

15.3 

.7 

17 

1           9 

16.2 

.8. 

18 

1          10 

17.1 

.9 

19 

1          11 

18.0 

1.0 

20 

2           0 

18.9 

1.1 

21 

2           1 

19.8 

1.2 

22 

2            2 

20.7 

1.3 

23 

2           3 

21.6 

1.4 

24 

2           4 

22.4 

1.6 

25 

2           5 

23.3 

1.7 

26 

2            6 

24.2 

1.8 

27 

2           7 

25.1 

1.9 

28 

2           8 

26.0 

2.0 

29 

2           9 

26.9 

2.1 

30 

2          10 

27.9 

2.1 

Column  4,  Table  18,  shows  the  diameter  growth  of  a  pure  stand  in  an 
old  field  on  soil  quite  similar  to  that  on  which  the  group 'in  column  3 
was  growing,  except  that  the  soil  was  previously  cultivated.  The  culmi- 
nation in  diameter  took  place  at  the  end  of  the  first  decade,  with  a 
growth  for  the  decade  of  nearly  8  inches;  but  the  subsequent  decrease 
in  growth  is  so  rapid,  that  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  decades  it  is  only 
A  of  an  inch.  This  manner  of  growth  is  characteristic  of  the  dry  old 
fields.  The  rate. of  diameter  growth  of  trees  on  longleaf  and  pocoson 
pine  flat  lands  (column  3),  like  the  height  growth  of  these  species  on 
the  same  site,  is  slow  but  persistent.  As  the  trees  stand  well  apart,  the 
crowns  are  well  developed  and  the  diameter  growth  is  at  a  maximum  for 
this  condition. 


66 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  18. — DIAMETER  GROWTH  OF  LO.BLOLLY  PINE  ON  DIFFERENT  SITES  INSIDE  THE  BARK  ON 
STUMPS  ABOUT  Two  FEET  HIGH. 


Age  of  stand 
on  the  stump 

Years 

Quality 

I 

I 

III 

II                      III 

II 

(1) 
In  hard- 
woo  Is  on 
moist,  stiff 
clay  soils. 
Stand 
crowded 

(2) 
On  loose 
moist,  loamy 
soil  on 
edge  of 
pond.  Stand 
fairly  open 

(3) 
On  long- 
leaf  and 
pocoson  pine 
flat  land. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(4)                       (5) 
Old  field         On  dry  silt 
on  a  long-        sand  flats 
leaf  pine          following 
sand  hill.           longleaf 
Stand          pine.    Stand 
crowded             open 

(6) 
Mixed  with 
cypress 
in  deep 
swamps. 
Stand 
crowded 

Inches 

10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
200 
240 

1.8 
4.3 
8.0 
11.4 
14.3 
16.8 
19.3 
21.5 
23.7 
25.7 
28.9 
31.5 
33.7 
35.0 
36.1 
37.0 

5.2 
10.7 
15.2 
19.1 
22.0 
24.4 
26.5 
28.3 
30.0 

2.8 
4.9 
6.6 
8.6 
10.2 
11.0 
13.2 
14.6 
16.0 
17.2 

7.8 
10.9 
12.6 
13.6 
14.2 
14.6 

1.4 
3.0 
4.5 
5.9 
7.2 
8.2 
9.0 

10.0 
11.3 
13.0 
14.4 
16.2 
17.5 

19.2 

20.7 

22.0 

23.3 
24.0 

. 

GROWTH  IN  VOLUME. 

Cubic  Feet. 

As  both  height  and  diameter  growth  of  loblolly  pine  are  most  rapid  in 
early  youth,  the  greatest  per  cent  of  volume  increment  is  made  during 
this  period.  The  contents  in  cubic  feet  of  the  stem  of  a  tree  without 
bark  or  branches,  at  different  ages,  is  the  best  index  of  the  rate  of  growth 
in  total  volume.  The  growth  of  the  stem  of  the  trees  of  loblolly  pine  in 
cubic  feet  in  different  quality  classes  is  given  in  Table  19.  The  growth 
in  cubic  feet  of  trees  in  stands  on  different  sites  is  given  in  Table  20. 

Board  Feet. 

The  volume  in  board  feet  increases  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  the 
volume  in  cubic  feet  on  account  of  the  greater  proportion  of  convertible 
material  in  timber  of  large  diameter  than  in  small.  The  volume  in 
board  feet  of  the  dominant  trees  in  stands  at  different  ages  is  given  in 
Table  21  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  and  on  the  basis  of  actual  mill  cut 
1-7  inch  saw  kerf  band-sawed.  The  volume  of  trees  on  different  •  sites 
at  given  ages  is  given  in  Table  22.  It  is  probable  that  the  rapid  increase 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


67 


in  merchantable  volume  shown  by  the  fairly  open  stand  on  the  best, 
moist,  alluvial  soil  can  be  secured  from  a  large  portion  of  stands  of 
Quality  I  by  proper  thinning. 

TABLE  19. — GROWTH  OF  LOBLOLLT  PINE  IN  CUBIC  FEET  (MERCHANTABLE  STEMWOOD  PEELED)  AND  IN 
COJIDS  (STEMWOOD  PEELED  AND  SPLIT)  AVERAGE  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN 
DIAMETER  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age  of  stand 

Height 

Diameter  breast- 
high 

Volume 

Volume 

Years 

Feet 

Inches 

Cubic  feet                 Long  cords 

Quality  I 

20 

56 

7.1 

5.0 

.05 

25 

66 

8.2 

8.8 

.08 

30 

75 

9.3 

13.2 

.12 

40 

90 

11.4 

23.7 

.21 

50 

99 

13.2 

34.8 

.31 

60 

106 

14.8 

46.7 

.41 

70 

110 

16.1 

57.8 

.51 

80 

112 

17.3 

68.2 

.60 

90 

114 

18.3 

77.4 

.69 

100 

115 

19.1 

85.0 

.75 

Quality  II 

20 

44 

6.4 

3.1 

.03 

25 

53 

7.5 

5.3 

.05 

30 

61 

8.5 

8.3 

.075 

40 

74 

10.3 

16.1 

.14 

50 

84 

11.9 

24.2 

.21 

60 

90 

13.2 

32.0 

.29 

70 

95 

14.3 

39.6 

.35 

80 

98 

15.3 

47.2 

.42 

90 

100 

16.2 

54.4 

.48 

100 

101 

17.0 

60.5 

.54 

Quality  III 


20 

32 

6.1 

2.0 

.02 

25 

39 

6.8 

3.0 

.03 

30 

46 

7.6 

4.5 

.04 

40 

59 

9.1 

9.1 

.083 

50 

69 

10.5 

15.5 

.14 

60 

76 

11.7 

21.9 

.19 

70 

82 

12.7 

27.3 

.24 

80 

85 

13.6 

32.2 

.29 

68 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  20. — GROWTH  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  ON  DIFFERENT  SITES  IN  VOLUME  (CUBIC  FEET)  EXCLUSIVE 

OF  STUMP,  TOP,  AND  BARK. 


Age  of  stand 
Years 

Quality 

I 

I 

III 

II 

III 

III 

(1) 
Groups  of 
trees  in 
hardwoods 
on  moist 
stiff  clay 
soil.    Stand 
crowded 

(2) 

On  loose 
moist,  loamy 
soil  on 
edge  of 
pond.   Stand 
open 

(3) 
On  long- 
leaf  and 
pocoson  pine 
flat  lands. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(4) 
Old  field 
on  long 
leaf  pine 
sand  hill. 
Stand 
crowded 

(5) 
On  dry 
sandy  flats 
following 
longleaf 
pine. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

(6) 
Mixed  with 
cypress  in 
deep  swamps, 
always  wet. 
Stand 
fairly  open 

Cubic  feet 

10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
200 

2.0 
2.8 
5.2 
11.5 
23.0 
44.0 
69.0 
97.0 
126.0 
157.0 
218.0 
277.0 
338.0 
383.0 
427.0 

3.0 
16.0 
42.0 
68.0 
96.0 
133.0 
177.0 
217.0 
257.0 

3.5 
6.0 
12.0 
20.0 
29.0 
40.0 
51.0 
62.0 
74.0 

8.0    > 
22.0 
33.0 
40.0 
45.0 

1.0 
3.0 
8.0 
16.0 
29.0 
44.0 
59.0 
76.0 

1.7 
2.5 
5.3 
11.0 
17.4 

96.0 

120.0 

145.0 

168.0 

190.0 

LOBLOLLY    OB   NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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72  LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


VOLUME  TABLES. 

Table  23  gives  the  volumes  of  both  upper  and  lower  logs  of  different 
diameters,  measured  inside  the  bark  at  the  small  end  of  the  log,  in  (1) 
cubic  feet;  (2)  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule;  (3)  band-sawed  1-7  inch  kerf; 
(4)  circular-sawed  1-4  inch  kerf;  and  (5)  the  number  of  board  feet  ob- 
tainable per  cubic  foot  of  solid  wood,  mill  factor. 

The  saw  gain  of  logs  from  the  upper  part  of  the  tree  over  logs  from 
the  lower  part  of  the  tree  is  noteworthy.  This  is  due  to  the  greater 
actual  volume  in  cubic  feet  of  the  top  logs  on  account  of  their  taper,  the 
volume  being  calculated  on  the  basis  of  the  average  diameter  at  the 
small  end.  The  number  of  board  feet  per  cubic  foot  shows  that  even 
in  converting  a  tree  14  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh  with  a  band  saw 
1-7  inch  kerf,  more  than  one-half  of  the  volume  of  wood  in  the  logs  is 
lost  in  kerf,  shrinkage,  and  slabs.  Even  in  a  tree  with  a  diameter  of  30 
inches,  the  average  diameter  of  logs  being  18  inches,  this  loss  exceeds 
one-third  of  the  volume  of  the  cubic  contents  of  the  logs. 

Tables  24  to  31  give  the  merchantable  volumes  in  board  feet  of  trees 
of  different  diameters  and  heights  in  actual  mill  tallies  and  in  Scribner 
Decimal  C,  Doyle-Scribner,  and  Tiemann  log  rules.  The  volume  tables 
based  on  the  actual  mill  cut  are  both  for  logs  band-sawed  with  seven  cuts 
to  the  inch  and  for  logs  sawed  with  a  circular  saw  with  four  cuts  to  the 
inch.  Trees  less  than  50  years  old  will  yield  less  than  the  volumes 
given  in  Tables  24,  26,  28  and  30;  in  stands  40  to  45  years  old  about 
10  per  cent  less;  in  stands  30  to  40  years  old  about  15  per  cent  less. 
The  actual  volume  of  trees  in  a  45  year  old  stand  is  shown  in  a  footnote 
to  Table  26.  This  is  the  actual  cut  at  the  mill. 

The  volume  as  given  in  Tables  24  to  31,  inclusive  of  Table  30a,  is 
based  on  straight  logs  or  crooked  logs  in  which  the  crook  amounts  to 
less  than  2  inches  in  a  16-foot  log.  The  rule  is  to  scale  down  into  an 
inch  lower  diameter  class  logs  which  have  about  this  degree  of  crooked- 
ness. In  about  30  per  cent  of  the  logs  cut,  the  crook  amounts  to  more 
than  2  inches.  There  is  little  loss  in  the  cut  from  crook,  however,  until 
the  crook  amounts  to  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  diameter  of  the  log, 
which  will  seldom  occur  in  trees  more  than  12  inches  in  diameter.  No 
allowance  is  made  in  these  tables,  or  in  the  tables  based  thereon,  for 
crooks  which  exceed  2  inches,  for  waste,  which  is  often  5  per  cent  (see 
footnote  to  Table  26),  or  for  breakage.  In  ordinary  calculation  of 
volume,  estimating,  or  of  yield  a  deduction,  which  will  vary  with  the 
class  of  timber  and  the  locality,  should  be  made  for  losses  from  these 
sources.  On  poor  sites  the  deduction  for  crook  may  amount  to  6  per 
cent  (Plate  XII)  ;  on  good  sites  it  may  not  exceed  2  per  cent.  With 
careful  felling  and  cutting  the  loss  from  breakage  should  be  less  than 
one-half  of  one  per  cent.  A  comparison  of  Table  26  with  the  table  in 
the  footnote  shows  that  in  an  average  operation  a  deduction  of  25  per 
cent  should  be  allowed  from  the  mill  cut  volumes  given  for  6,  7,  and  8- 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  73 

inch  trees,  15  per  cent  for  9,  10  and  11-inch  trees,  and  5  per  cent  for  12- 
inch  trees  to  cover  excessive  crook,  waste  and  breakage.  No  allowance 
is  required  for  trees  of  larger  diameters.  An  average  deduction  of  10 
per  cent  consequently  is  sufficient  for  all  except  very  young  stands.  In 
practice  this  loss  is  covered  hy  the  deductions  made  in  the  woods'  scale 
for  crook  and  breakage.  It  should  be  allowed  however  in  estimating  and 
volume  appraisal. 

Table  32  gives  the  number  of  logs  16  feet  long,  and  the  diameter  at 
the  small  end  of  the  top  log  for  trees  of  different  diameters  and  heights 
on  which  the  volume  tables  of  the  trees  are  based. 

Table  33  gives  the  volume  in  cubic  feet  of  merchantable  stemwood 
(without  bark)  in  trees  of  different  diameters  and  heights,  less  than  75 
years  old. 

Table  34  gives  the  comparative  volumes  with  and  without  bark,  in 
cubic  feet  and  cords,  number  of  trees  to  a  cord  and  per  cent  of  bark,  in 
trees  of  different  diameters  and  heights  in  stands  35  to  45  years  old, 
Quality  II,  which  may  be  assumed  to  be  an  average  site  and  average  age 
for  cordwood  stock.  The  volumes  would  be  less  for  younger  stands  in 
which  the  trees  have  the  same  diameters  and  heights. 


74 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  23o — Loo  RULE  FOB  LOBLOLLY  PINE.  ACTUAL  MILL  CUT,  CIRCULAR  SAW,  ?4-I*CH  KERF,  LOGS 
WITH  LESS  THAN  Two  INCHES  CROOK. 


Average 
diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
small  end 

Inches 

Length  of  log  —  Feet 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

Volume  in  board  feet 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

7 

12 

15 

18 

21 

25 

8 

18 

22 

26 

30 

35 

9 

22 

27 

32 

38 

44 

10 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

11 

34 

42 

51 

59 

68 

12 

40 

50 

61 

71 

82 

13 

48 

60 

72 

85 

98 

U 

58 

72 

86 

101 

116 

15 

68 

85 

102 

119 

136 

10 

78 

98 

118 

138 

158 

17 

90 

112 

134 

157 

180 

18 

100 

125 

151 

176 

202 

19 

114 

142 

171 

199 

228 

20 

128 

160 

192 

224 

256 

21 

142 

178 

214 

250 

286 

22 

158 

197 

236 

274 

316 

23 

174 

217 

261 

304 

348 

24 

190 

237 

285 

332 

380 

25 

206 

257 

309 

360 

412 

26 

222 

277 

333 

389 

445 

27 

240 

300 

361 

421 

482 

28 

258 

322 

387 

451 

516 

29 

274 

342 

411 

480 

549 

30 

292 

365 

439 

511 

585 

Table  23a  gives  a  proposed  log  rule  for  loblolly  pine.  It  is  based 
on  actual  mill  cut,  circular  saw,  ^4  inch  saw  kerf.  This  may  be  used  for 
calculating  the  amount  of  lumber  which  may  be  cut  from  logs  of  differ- 
ent diameters  and  lengths. 

Tables  24  to  31,  inclusive,  were  made  from  taper  curves  by  scaling  the 
merchantable  length  in  log  lengths  to  the  top  diameters  shown.  Logs 
were  16.3  feet  long  whenever  possible,  with  some  14.3  feet,  12.3  feet, 
and  10.3  feet  long  to  avoid  waste.  The  assumed  stump  height  was  1 
foot  for  trees  6  to  16  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh,  and  1.5  feet  for 
trees  17  to  25  inches. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


77 


TABLE  24. — VOLUME  IN  BOARD  FEET,  BAND-SAWED  1-7  INCH  KERF,  OF  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF 
DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  BREAKAGE,  EXCESSIVE  CROOK  OH 
WASTE,  WHICH  AMOUNT  TO  25  PER  CENT  FOR  7  AND  8  INCH  TREES;  15  PER  CENT  FOR  9  AND  10 
INCH  TREES;  AND  5  PER  CENT  FOR  12  INCH  TREES. 

TREES  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

8 
13 
19 
25 
30 
38 

16 
23 
33 
41 
50 
58 
67 
78 

25 
35 
42 
58 
70 
80 
93 
120 
•  130 
140 

34 

48 
61 
74 
89 
100 
120 
140 
160 
180 
210 
240 

5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

60 

75 
90 
110 
120 
140 
170 
190 
220 
260 
290 
330 
380 

83 
100 
120 
140 
160 
190 
220 
260 
300 
340 
390 
440 
490 
550 

110 
130 
150 
180 
210 
250 
290 
330 
380 
430 
480 
540 
600 

130 
160 
190 
230 
270 
310 
360 
410 
460 
520 
580 
640 

170 
200 
240 
280 
330 
380 
440 
500 
560 
620 
680 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  25. — VOLUME  IN  BOARD  FEET,  BAND-SAWED  1-7  INCH  KERF,  OF  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF 

DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  BREAKAGE,  EXCESSIVE 

CROOK  OR  WASTE. 

TREES  OVER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

Volume—  Board  feet  in  tens 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

20 
23 
26 
30 
35 
39 
44 
51 
56 
63 
69 

22 
26 
30 
34 
39 
44 
50 
56 
62 
69 
76 
84 
91 
99 
106 
114 
122 

24 
29 
33 
38 
43 
49 
55 
60 
68 
75 
83 
92 
100 
108 
117 
126 
136 
146 
157 
169 
181 

27 
32 
37 
43 
49 
55 
61 
66 
74 
82 
91 
100 
109 
118 
128 
138 
150 
161 
172 
183 
195 
207 
218 

7 
8 

8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 

72 
81 
90 
102 
110 
120 
130 
140 
151 
162 
173 
185 
196 
208 
221 
235 

114 
123 
131 
142 
152 
163 
174 
185 
195 
208 
221 
235 
250 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


79 


TABLE  26. — 'VOLUME  IN  BOARD  FEET  (CIRCULAR-SAWED  1-4  INCH  KERF)  OF  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE 
OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  BREAKAGE,  EXCESSIVE  CROOK  OR 
WASTE  WHICH  AMOUNT  TO  25  PER  CENT  FOR  7  AND  8  INCH  TREES;  15  PER  CENT  FOR  9  AND  10 
INCH;  AND  5  PER  CENT  FOR  12  INCH. 

TREES  UNDER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

7 
11 
17 
22 
26 
33 

14 
20 
29 
36 
44 
51 
59 
69 

22 
31 
37 
51 
62 
70 
82 
106 
114 
123 

30 
42 
54 
65 
79 
88 
106 
123 
139 
157 
185 
210 

5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

53 

66 
79 
97 
106 
121 
148 
167 
194 
229 
255 
290 
334 

71 
88 
106 
123 
141 
167 
194 
220 
264 
299 
343 
387 
431 
484 

97 
114 
132 
158 
185 
220 
255 
290 
334 
378 
422 
493 
528 

114 
141 
167 
202 
238 
273 
317 
361 
405 
458 
510 
563 

150 
176 
211 
264 
290 
334 
387 
440 
493 
548 
598 

*An  operation  in  Gates  County,  North  Carolina,  yielded  at  the  mill  from  two  stands,  one  aver- 
aging 45  years  old  (Quality  site  I),  and  one  averaging  60  years  old  (Quality  site  II  to  III),  the  following 
volumes  in  board  feet  (circular  saw  1-4  inch  kerf).  As  was  to  be  expected,  the  younger  trees,  although 
taller,  gave  the  lower  yield. 


Age  45  years 

Age  60  years 

Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Top  dia- 
meter 

Inches 

Height 
of  tree 

Feet 

Used 
length 

Feet 

Actual 
mill  cut 

Board 
feet 

Basis 

Height 
of  tree 

Feet 

Used 
length 

Feet 

Actual 
mill  cut 

Board 
feet 

Basis 

g 

4  9 

77 

40 

27 

1 

Q 

5  5 

79 

43 

43 

7 

10 

5.9 

81 

46 

49 

23 

77 

57 

54 

15 

11 

6.3 

82 

48 

64 

39 

78 

60 

71 

27 

12 

6.7 

83 

50 

83 

27 

79 

62 

92 

27 

13 

7.1 

84 

53 

112 

38 

80 

64 

116 

29 

14 

7.5 

85 

55 

145 

20 

82 

66 

155 

25 

15 

7.9 

86 

57 

180 

7 

84 

68 

188 

21 

16 

8.2 

86 

59 

216 

7 

86 

70 

224 

22 

17 

8.5 

88 

60 

256 

2 

88 

71 

247 

8 

18 

8.8 

89 

61 

290 

3 

90 

72 

330 

3 

The  mill  loss  in  this  case  could  have  been  considerably  lessened  by  a  better  disposition  of  log 
lengths.  Logs  were  chiefly  cut  in  16  foot  lengths.  By  cutting  more  shorter  logs  fewer  crooks  would 
have  been  left  in  the  middle  of  the  logs  and  the  loss  in  slabbing  reduced.  In  this  operation  there 
was  an  average  of  11  linear  feet  of  sound  stem,  5  inches  and  over  in  diameter  at  the  small  end  left  in 
the  tops.  This  additional  volume,  entirely  box  and  cull,  amounted  to  about  7  board  feet  (circular- 
sawed)  per  tree. 


so 


LOBLOLLY   OK  NORTH  CAROLINA   PINE. 


TABLE  27. — VOLUME  IN  BOARD  FEET   (CIRCULAR-SAWED   1-4   INCH   KERF)  or  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY 

PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE 

CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE. 

TREES  OVER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
'     22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
.35 
36 

176 
202 
229 
264 
308 
343 
387 
449 
493 
554 
607 

194 
229 
264 
299 
343 
387 
440 
493 
548 
607 
669 
739 
801 
870 
933 
1,003 
1,074 

211 
255 
290 
334 
378 
431 
484 
528 
598 
660 
730 
820 
880 
950 
1.030 
1,109 
1,197 
1,285 
1,382 
1,482 
1,583 

238 
282 
326 
373 
431 
484 
537 
581 
651 
722 
810 
880 
959 
1,038 
1,126 
1,214 
1,320 
1,417 
1,514 
1,610 
1,716 
1,822 
1,918 

7 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 
£ 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 

634 
713 
792 
898 
968 
1,056 
1,144 
1,232 
1,329 
1,426 
1,522 
1,628 
1,725 
1,830 
1,944 
2,068 

1,003 
1,082 
1,153 
1,250 
1,338 
1,434 
1,531 
1,628 
1,716 
1,830 
1,944 
2,068 
2,200 

LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


81 


TABLE  28. — VOLUME  SCALED  BY  DOYLE-SCRIBNER  RULE  OF  TREES  or  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFER- 
ENT DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside  i 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

2 
3 
5 
8 
12 

3 
7 
9 
15 
23 
30 
40 

4 

9 
15 
23 
34 
45 
59 
69 
83 

6 
13 
21 
32 
45 
60 
77 
98 
120 
150 
170 

8 
16 
27 
39 
55 
73 
94 
120 
150 
180 
220 
260 
300 

5 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

32 
45 
63 
84 
110 
140 
170 
210 
250 
300 
350 
410 
470 

35 
51 
71 
95 
120 
150 
190 
240 
280 
330 
390 
450 
520 

79 
110 
130 
170 
210 
260 
310 
360 
420 
490 
560 

88 
120 
150 
180 
220 
270 
330 
390 
450 
520 
600 

TABLE  29. — VOLUME  SCALED  BY  DOYLE-SCRIBNER  RULE  OF  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT 
DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  OVER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Approximate 
diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

Volume  —  Board  feet  in  tens 

14 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

11 
14 

18 
22 
26 
31 
36 
42 
47 
53 
58 

13 
17 
21 
25 
30 
35 
41 
47 
54 
60 
67 
75 
83 
91 
99 
108 
116 

15 
20 
24 
29 
34 
39 
46 
52 
60 
67 
75 
83 
92 
101 
111 
121 
131 
141 
153 
164 
175 

17 
22 
26 
32 
37 
43 
49 
57 
64 
73 
81 
91 
101 
111 
121 
132 
143 
155 
167 
179 
191 
204 
216 

8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 

52 
61 
69 
77 
87 
98 
108 
119 
131 
143 
155 
167 
179 
192 
204 
217 
229 

93 

104 
115 
127 
141 
154 
166 
173 
190 
203 
215 
228 
241 

LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  30. — VOLUME  SCALED  BY  SCBIBNER  DECIMAL  C  RULE  OP  TREES  OP  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIF- 
FERENT DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
•  high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

5 
12 
18 
25 
32 
40 

13 
22 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 

21 
32 
42 
54 
66 
81 
97 
110 
120 

27 
42 
55 
68 
83 
100 
120 
140 
160 
190 
220 

5 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

52 
65 
81 
99 
120 
150 
170 
200 
230 
270 
300 
330 

93 
110 
140 
170 
200 
230 
270 
310 
350 
400 
460 
520 

130 

160 
190 
220 
260 
300 
350 
400 
460 
510 
570 

140 

170 
200 
240 
280 
330 
380 
430 
490 
550 
620 

150 
180 
220 
260 
300 
350 
410 
460 
520 
590 
660 

TABLE  30a.— VOLUME  SCALED  BY  SCRIBNER  DECIMAL  C  RULE  OF  TREES  or  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIF- 
FERENT DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  OVER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree  —  Feet 

Diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

Volume  —  Board  feet  in  tens 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

18 
21 
24 
27 
31 
36 
41 
46 
51 
57 
62 

20 
23 
27 
31 
36 
41 
47 
53 
60 
66 
73 
81 
89 
97 
106 
115 
124 

22 
26 
30 
35 
40 
46 
52 
59 
66 
74 
82 
91 
99 
109 
118 
128 
138 
.  150 
161 
172 
184 

24 

29 
33 
38 
44 
50 
57 
64 
72 
81 
90 
99 
109 
119 
129 
140 
151 
163 
175 
187 
200 
213 
227 

8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 

53 
61 
69 
78 
87 
96 
106 
117 
128 
139 
150 
162 
175 
1S8 
201 
214 
227 
240 

102 
113 
124 
135 
147 
159 
171 
186 
198 
213 
225 
238 
251 

LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  31.— VOLUME  SCALED  BY  TIEMANN  Loo  RULE  (1-8  INCH  SAW  KERF)  OF  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY 
PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    'No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree—  Feet 

Approximate 
diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Volume  —  Board  feet  in  tens 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19    ' 
20 
21 
22 

.5 
1 
2 
2 
3 
4 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
8 
9 

1 

2 
4 
5 
7 
8 
10 
12 
14 

2 
3 
5 
6 
8 
10 
13 
15 
18 
21 
24 
28 

5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 
18 
21 
25 
29 
33 
37 
42 

9 
11 
13 
17 
20 
24 
28 
32 
37 
42 
48 

14 
18 
22 
26 
31 
35 
40 
46 
53 
60 
67 

15 
19 
23 
28 
33 
38 
44 
50 
57 
64 
72 

20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
46 
53 
60 
67 
76 

TABLE  31a. — VOLUME  SCALED  BY  TIEMANN  Loo  RULE  (1-8  INCH  SAW  KERF)  or  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY 
PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS.    No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK. 

TREES  OVER  75  YEARS  OLD. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height  of  tree  —  Feet 

Approximate 
diameter 
inside 
bark  of 
top 

Inches 

90 

.  100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

Volume  —  Board  feet  in  tens 

14 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

18 
23 
27 
32 
37 
43 
48 
54 
59 
66 
72 

23 
27 
32 
37 
43 
49 
54 
61 
68 
75 
83 
91 
99 
108 
117 
125 
134 

26 
31 
35 
41 
47 
53 
60 
68 
76 
83 
92 
101 
109 
118 
129 
138 
147 
157 
168 
179 
190 

8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 

50 
57 
65 
73 
82 
91 
100 
109 
119 
129 
140 
150 
161 
171 
183 
195 
208 
221 
233 

69 
79 
88 
98 
107 
118 
128 
•  139 
150 
161 
173 
185 
197 
210 
222 
235  • 
249 

115 

126 
137 
148 
159 
171 
185 
198 
210 
222 
235 
248 
261 

84 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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TABLE  33. — VOLUME  IN  CUBIC  FEET  OF  MERCHANTABLE  STEM  WOOD*  WITHOUT  STUMP  OR  BARK  OF 
TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS. 

AGE  LESS  THAN  75  YEARS. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height—  Feet 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Merchantable  cubic  feet 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21  : 
22  ' 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

1.3 
1.7 
2.0 

1.8 
2.4 
3.0 

2.4 
3.3 
4.2 
5.3 
6.9 
8.2 
9.5 

3.2 
4.2 
5.6 
7.0 
94 
11.2 
13.5 
16.0 
18.0 

4.2 
5.2 
7.1 
9.0 
11.9 
14.2 
17.0 
20.0 
23.0 
26.0 
29.0 

5.3 
7.2 
9.1 
11.5 
14.4 
17.2 
20.5 
24.0 
27.5 
31.5 
36.5 
41.0 
45.5 
50.5 
55.5 
60.5 
66.0 

6.3 
8.7 
11.1 
13.0 
16.4 
20.2 
23.5 
28.0 
32.0 
36.5 
42.5 
48.0 
54.0 
59.5 
66.5 
72.5 
79.0 
85.5 
91.5 
98.0 

9.7 
12.1 
15.0 
18.4 
22.2 
26.0 
31.0 
36.0 
41.5 
48.0 
54.5 
61.0 
68.5 
76.0 
83.5 
91.0 
100.0 
109.0 
118.5 
127.5 

10.7 
13.6 
16.5 
19.9 
23.7 
28.5 
34.0 
39.5 
46.0 
53.0 
60.0 
68.0 
75.5 
83.5 
92.5 
101.5 
113.5 
123.0 
134.0 
145.0 
156.0 
167.5 
179.5 
193.0 

20.9 
25.2 
31.0 
36.5 
42.5 
49.5 
57.0 
65.0 
73.0 
81.5 
90.5 
100.0 
110.5 
125.0 
137.0 
148.5 
160.5 
172.0 
184.5 
197.5 
211.0 

33.0 
39.0 
45.5 
53.0 
61.0 
69.0 
77.5 
86.5 
96.5 
106.5 
117.5 
135.5 
150.0 
162.0 
175.0 
188.0 
201.0 
214.5 
229.0 

*  Tops  included  to  a,  diameter  of  3  inches  in  small  trees,  and  about  5  inches  in  trees  14 
inches  and  over.  If  no  knotty  top-wood  is  to  be  included,  a  deduction,  increasing  with  the 
diameter,  of  from  5  to  10  per  cent  should  be  made. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


87 


TABLE  34.— VOLUME  or  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  AND  HEIGHTS,  QUAL- 
ITY II,  AGE  35  TO  45,  IN  CUBIC  FEET,  AND  IN  CORDS,  WITH  AND  WITHOUT  BARK;  NUMBER  OF 
TREES  TO  A  CORD,  AND  PROPORTION  OF  BARK,  WITHOUT  STUMP  OR  TOP  BBLOW  3  INCHES.  (FOR 
RANGE  OF  HEIGHTS  SEE  TABLE  13.) 


Without  bark 

With  bark 

Diameter 

breast- 
high 

Volume 
per  tree 

Numb'er 

nf  trooQ 

PP- 

Volume 
per  tree 

Number 

Tr     1 

Number 

Inches 

Cu.  ft. 

Cords 
of  160 
ft. 

\Jl    vLCVa 

to  a 
cord  of 
160ft. 

Jcr 
cent  of 
bark 

Cu.  ft. 

Cords 
of  128 
ft. 

of  trees 
to  a 
cord  of 
128  ft. 

Volume  — 
Cords 
of  160 
ft. 

of  trees 
to  a 
cord  of 
160ft. 

6 

3.6 

.031 

33 

31 

5.2 

.064 

15.5 

.051 

19.5 

7 

5.1 

.048 

21 

30 

7.0 

.086 

11.6 

.069 

14.5 

8 

7.9 

.08 

12 

29 

11.1 

.133 

7.5 

.100 

9.4 

9 

11.0 

.11 

9 

28 

15.3 

.172 

5.8 

.138 

7.4 

10 

14.8 

.14 

7 

27 

20.3 

.227 

4.4 

.182 

5.5 

11 

19.0 

.18 

5.3 

26 

25.7 

.281 

3.6 

.225 

4.5 

12 

23.2 

.21 

5 

25 

30.9 

.336 

3. 

.269 

3.8 

13 

28.3 

.26 

4 

24 

37.2 

.406 

2.5 

.325 

3.1 

14 

33.2 

.3 

3.3 

23 

43.1 

.469 

2.1 

.375 

2.6 

15 

38.5 

.35 

2.9 

22 

49.3 

.531 

1.9 

.425 

2.4 

16 

45.3 

.41 

2.5 

21 

57.3 

.625              1  .6 

.50 

2 

17 

51.3 

.46 

2.1 

20 

64.1 

.695              1  .4 

.556 

1.8 

18 

57.5 

.52 

1.9 

19 

71.0 

.773              1  .3 

.618 

1.6 

The  per  cent  of  solid  wood  to  a  cubic  foot  of  piled  cordwood  varies 
with  the  diameter  of  the  tree  when  the  wood  is  cut  in  4  or  5  foot  lengths. 
With  trees  below  7  inches  in  diameter  it  is  63  per  cent;  trees  7  to  9 
inches,  it  is  69  per  cent ;  trees  10  inches  and  over,  if  the  larger  pieces  are 
split,  is  is  72  per  cent.  By  combining  this  with  columns  8  and  9,  Table 
23,  a  factor  is  obtained  showing  the  number  of  board  feet  per  long  cord 
of  bolts.  This  gives  a  yield  of  616  board  feet  from  a  cord  of  peeled 
wood  from  7-inch  trees  cut  in  4-foot  bolts ;  and  about  750  board  feet  per 
cord  of  wood  from  trees  10  inches  in  diameter.  When  wood  is  in  pieces 
longer  than  5  feet  the  per  cent  of  solid  wood  is  somewhat  less  than  is 
given  and  the  number  of  board  feet  per  cord  somewhat  smaller. 

YIELD   OF   PURE   EVEN-AGED    STANDS. 

Loblolly  pine  characteristically  forms  over  large  areas  pure  stands 
which  are  to  a  great  extent  even-aged.  While  it  also  grows  in  mixed 
stands  and  pure  uneven-aged  stands,  its  occurrence  in  pure  even-aged 
stands  is  of  chief  importance  on  account  of  their  large  yield,  the  ease 
with  which  they  are  logged,  and  the  simplicity  of  their  management. 

On  the  basis  of  90  plots  laid  off  in  stands  of  different  ages  and  under 
different  conditions  of  growth  yield  tables  were  constructed  for  even-aged 
stands  of  loblolly  pine.  The  plots  were  fully  stocked  with  normally  de- 
veloped crowns  and  stems.  Yield  tables  have  a  two-fold  value.  They 
show  the  approximate  yield  per  acre  which  can  be  expected  at  any  given 
age  when  the  quality  site  is  known  or  can  be  determined.  They  also  show 
the  time  at  which  a  stand  produces  the  largest  amount  of  wood,  and  by 
determining  its  quality  or  grade  yield,  the  time  when  it  has  the  greatest 
value. 


88  LOBLOLLY    OE    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

In  Cubic  Feet  and  Cords. 

Table  35  gives  the  yield  in  cubic  feet  of  all  trees  3  inches  and  over  in 
diameter  in  fully  stocked  unthinned  stands  of  loblolly  pine  on  different 
quality  sites  at  different  ages.  This  embraces  only  the  volume  of  stem 
wood  without  bark  to  a  diameter  of  3  inches  (see  foot  note  to  Table  33). 
The  average  annual  increment  for  the  entire  period  and  for  five  year 
periods  is  given.  The  basal  area,  showing  in  square  feet  the  sum  of  the 
cross  sections  of  all  trees  inside  the  bark  at  breast  height,  is  also  given. 
The  basal  area  of  stands  on  very  dry  soils  often  declines  after  30  years ; 
and  if  the  basal  area  is  measured  outside  the  bark  it  declines  in  all 
stands  after  they  are  40  or  50  years  old  except  those  on  the  best  sites.* 
Table  36  gives  the  yield  of  stem  wood  of  trees  6  inches  and  over  without 
bark.  Table  37  gives  the  yield  in  cubic  feet  and  cords  of  all  merchantable 
trees  6  inches  and  over  in  diameter  without  stump,  bark  and  top. 

*While  the  basal  area  af  the  wood  only  inside  of  bark  increases  in  stands  up  to  100  years  of  age  and 
more,  the  basal  area  measured  outside  of  the  bark  soon  begins  to  decline.  This  is  due  to  the  propor- 
tional greater  thickness  of  the  bark  in  small  trees  than  in  large  ones. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


89 


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90 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  36. — YIELD  PER  ACHE  IN  CUBIC  FEET  OF  STEM  WOOD,  WITHOUT  BARK,  BUT  INCLUDING  STUMPS 
AND  TOPS  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER  BREASTHIGH  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  UNTHINNED 
STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age 
Years 

Maximum 

Cu.  ft. 
per  acre 

Quality 

Minimum 

Cu.  ft. 
per  acre 

I 

II 

III 

Cu.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
t  increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
5  years 

Cu.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
_  increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
5  years 

Cu.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
5  years 

15 

20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 

1,400 
2,560 
4,350 
5,790 
6,650 
7,300 
7,750 
8,150 
8,470 
8,730 
8,940 
9,110 
9,250 
9,380 
9,480 
9,570 
9,660 
9,730 

1,050 
2,200 
3,600 
4,900 
5,790 
6,430 
6,940 
7,300 
7,600 
7,850 
8,040 
8,240 
8,400 
8,520 
8,600 
8,650 
8,700 
8,730 

600 
1,430 
2,400 
3,360 
4,160 
4,830 
5,330 
5,700 

600 
1,270 
1,980 
2,700 
3,260 
3,700 
4,070 
4,350 
4,550 

8.3 
2.8 
1.3 
.7 
.5 

8.9 
3.7 
1.7 
.9 
.55 

12.7 
5.1 
2.2 
1.1 
.6 

650 
1,100 
1,700 
2,260 
2,750 
3,100 
2,360 
3,560 
3,730 
3,850 
3,950 
4,000 
4,050 
4,100 
4,860 
4,910 

6,000 
6,230 

6,410 

4,720 

6,540 

4,850 

6,650 
6,740 

4,940 
4,990 

6,810 

5,050 
5,070 

6,870 
6,920 

5,100 

6,950 

5,120 

Table  37  gives  practically  the  material  which  would  be  available  for 
conversion  into  bolts,  heading,  staves,  box  boards,  or  for  paper  pulp  stock. 
The  yield  is  given  both  in  long  cords  of  160  cubic  feet  without  bark  and 
in  standard  cords  of  128  cubic  feet  with  bark.  The  greatest  average 
annual  yield  in  standard  cords  on  Quality  I  is  obtained  by  cutting  the 
stand  at  about  the  age  of  30  years ;  or  Quality  II  at  about  40  years ;  or 
Quality  III  at  about  50  years.  In  old  field  stands  on  dry  sites  there  is 
an  actual  decline  in  the  volume  of  the  stand  between  40  and  60  years 
of  age,  according  to  site.  This  is  due  to  the  rapid  natural  thinning  as 
the  trees  become  intolerant  of  shade  or  when  the  demands  on  soil  mois- 
ture increase  above  the  available  supply.  Plate  XVI  shows  Quality  II 
stand  at  the  age  of  greatest  average  annual  yield. 

In  Board  Feet. 

Table  38  gives  the  yield  in  board  feet,  1-7  inch  saw  kerf,  of  all  trees 
6  inches  and  over  in  diameter  breasthigh  in  fully  stocked  unthinned 
stands  of  loblolly  pine  on  different  quality  sites  at  different  ages,  on 
the  basis  of  three  to  four  logs  to  the  large  trees  and  of  top  diameters 
given  in  Table  32.  No  allowance  is  made  in  this  and  following  tables 
for  crooked  logs  in  which  the  crookedness  exceeds  2  inches  for  waste  or 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


91 


TABLE  37.— YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  CUBIC  FEET,  AND  IN  CORDS  WITH  AND  WITHOUT  BARK  OF  STEM  WOOD 
WITHOUT  STUMP  AND  WITHOUT  TOP  BELOW  THREE  INCHES  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER 
IN  DIAMETER  IN  FULLY  STOCKED,  UNTHINNED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES 
ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age 

of  stand 

Years 

Quality 

I 

II 

III 

Cubic  feet  merchantable  wood  without  stump,  or  bark,  and  top  to  3  inches 

20 
25 
30 
40 
50 
60 

2,100 
3,500 
4,775 
6,385 
7,125 

1,330 
2,300 
2,260 
4,700 
5,550 

1,200 
1,900 
3,160 
3,950 
4,410 

Total 
yield 

Average 
annual  yield 

Total 
yield 

Average 
annual  yield 

Total 
yield 

Average 
annual  yield 

Entire 
period 

Past  10 

years 

Entire 
period 

Past  10 
years 

Entire 
period 

Past  10 
years 

Standard  cords,  128  cubic  feet,  with  bark 


20 

37 

1.8 

24 

1.2 

25 

58 

2.3 

.. 

40 

1.6 

.. 

22 

.9 

.. 

30 

75 

2.5 

3.8 

53 

1.8 

2.9 

33 

1.1 

2.2 

40 

96 

2.4 

1.9 

72 

1.8 

1.9 

50 

1.3 

1.7 

50 

105 

2.1 

.8 

83 

1.7 

1.1 

60 

1.2 

1. 

60 

-- 

- 

- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

66 

1.1 

.6 

Long  cords,  160  cubic  feet,  without  bark 


20 

21 

I. 

13 

.7 

25 

33 

1.5 

22 

.9 

. 

1.2 

.5 

'  .. 

30 

43 

1.45 

2.3 

30 

1. 

1.7 

18 

.6 

1.2 

40 

57 

1.4 

1.4 

42 

1.1 

1.2 

28 

.7 

.1 

50 

64 

1.3 

.7 

49 

1. 

.8 

35 

.7 

.6 

60 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

39 

.65 

.5 

for  breakage.  Table  39  is  the  same  as  Table  38  except  that  the  yield  is 
given  circular  sawed,  *4  inch  kerf.  Table  40  gives  the  yield  of  all  trees 
6  inches  and  over  in  diameter  scaled  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule  and  also  the 
average  annual  increment.  The  largest  average  annual  increment  in 
board  feet  is  obtained  on  Quality  I  by  cutting  the  stand  when  50  years 
old ;  on  Quality  II  when  between  50  and  60  years  old ;  on  Quality  III 
when  between  60  and  70  years  old. 

Tables  41  and  41a  give  the  yield  in  board  feet  band-sawed  with  1-7 
inch  kerf  by  cutting  to  9  and  11  inches  in  diameter,  respectively.  Cut- 
ting to  9  inches  in  diameter  gives  the  yield  of  all  trees  which  make 


92 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


standard  7x7  inch  ties.  The  greatest  average  annual  yield  of  tie  tim- 
ber is  obtained  on  Quality  I  when  the  stand  is  about  40  years  old;  on 
Quality  II  when  about  50  years  old ;  and  on  Quality  III  when  about  55 
years  old.  Cutting  to  11  inches  in  diameter  gives  the  yield  of  all  trees 
large  enough  for  crate  veneer  stock.  (Plate  XIV  shows  a  Quality  II 
stand,  culled,  60  years  old,  yielding  about  30,000  feet  per  acre ;  Plate  XY 
an  urithinned  stand  about  80  years  old,  yielding  about  40,000  feet  per 
acre.) 

Table  42  gives  the  total  number  of  trees  6  inches  and  over,  the  average 
diameter  of  all  trees  and  the  annual  rate  of  decrease  in  the  number  of 
trees  with  the  increase  in  the  age  of  the  stand.  This  table  is  of  value  in 
showing  which  portion  of  the  yield  is  contributed  by  the  trees  in  the 
dominant  crown  class.  It  shows  the  approximate  number  of  trees  which 
would  be  removed  in  thinning  unthinned  stands  by  deducting  the  num- 
ber of  dominant  trees  from  the  total  number  of  trees.  (See  page  159.) 

Tables  43  and  44  show  the  number  of  trees  9  inches  and  over  and  11 
inches  and  over  per  acre  respectively  and  their  average  diameters  at 
different  ages  in  fully  stocked  stands.  By  combining  Table  42  with 
Tables  43  and  44  the  number  of  trees  over  6  inches  in  diameter  left  per 
acre  after  cutting  to  9  and  11  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh  can  be 
obtained. 

TABLE  38. — YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  BOARD  FEET  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER 
BREASTHIGH  TO  TOP  DIAMETER  GIVEN  IN  TABLE  32,  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  UNTHINNED  STANDS  OF 
LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCES- 
SIVE CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE. 

BOARDS  1  1-16  INCH  THICK,  BAND-SAWED,  KERF  1-7  INCH. 


Age 
Years 

Maximum 

Bd.  ft. 
per  acre 

Quality 

Minimum 

Bd.  ft. 
per  acre 

I 

II 

III 

Bd.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
decade 

Bd.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
decade 

Bd.  ft. 
per  acre 

Annual 
Per  cent  of 
increase 
in  volume 
preceding 
decade 

20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 

19,700 
28,600 
35,100 
40,100 
44,200 
47,500 
50,300 
52,650 
54,600 
56,250 
57,650 
58,900 
60,000 
61,000 
62,000 
62,900 
63,750 

14,500 
22,300 
28,850 
34,000 
38,150 
41,600 
44,500 
46,850 
48,750 
50,300 
51,550 
52,650 
53,600 
54,400 
55,200 
56,000 
56,700 

8,800 

7.1 

16,000 
21,850 

7,170 

12,700 

2,600 
12,050 
15,400 
18,050 
20,150 
21,900 
23,200 
24,250 
25,000 
25,650 
26,100 
26,500 

2.8 

26,850 
30,850 

5.3 

17,000 
20,400 
23,000 
25,200 

9.0 

1.6 

33,900 
36,300 

2.4 

3.1 

.9 

38,200 
39,700 

1.2 

26,850 
28,200 

1.6 

.6 

40,900 
41,850 

.7 

29,250 
30,150 

.9 

.4 

42,650 
43,200 

.4 

30,750 
31,000 

.5 

.3 

43,700 
44  100 

.2 

31,650 

.3 

.3 

44,500 

.2 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


93 


TABLE  39. — YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  BOARD  FEET  OF  ALL  TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE,  Six  INCHES  AND 
OVER  IN  DIAMETER  BREASTHIGH  TO  Top  DIAMETER  GIVEN  IN  TABLE  32  IN  FULLY  STOCKED 
UNTHINNED  STANDS  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR 
EXCESSIVE  CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE.  BOARDS  1  1-8  INCHES  THICK,  CIRCULAR  SAWED, 
KERF  \i  INCH. 


Quality 

A?e  of 
stand 

I 

II 

III 

Board  feet  per  acre 

20 

12,700 

30 

25,200 

14,000 

6,300 

40 

33,300 

23,500 

14,900 

50 

38,900 

30,000 

20,100 

60 

42,600 

33.400 

23,500 

70 

45,100 

35,800 

25,600 

80 

46,900 

37,300 

26,900 

TABLE  40. — YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  BOARD  FEET  (DOYLE-SCRIBNER)  OF  ALL  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND 
OVER  IN  DIAMETER  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON 
DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES.  TOP  DIAMETERS  AS  IN  TABLE  32.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE 
CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE. 


Quality 


I 

II 

III 

Age 
Years 

Volume 

Average 
annual 

Volume 

Average 
annual 

Volume 

Average 
annual 

increment 

increment 

increment 

Board  feet  per  acre 

25 

7,368 

295 

1  310 

52 

30 

16,143 

535 

6,824 

227 

652 

22 

40 

28,365 

709 

16,419 

410 

6,024 

150 

50 

36,689 

734 

23,716 

474 

12,391 

247 

60 

41,811 

697 

28,130 

469 

16,228 

270 

70 

43,601 

30,568 

436 

18,939 

270 

80 

44,868 

32,201 

20,149 

252 

90 

45.180 

33,205 

20,827 

94 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  41. — YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  BOARD  FEET  OF  ALL  TREES  NINE  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER 
BREASTHIGH  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OP  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  AND  ON 
DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE. 

BOARDS  1  1-16  INCH  THICK,  BAND-SAWED,  1-7  INCH  KERF. 
(To  reduce  to  circular-sawed  1-4  inch  kerf,  divide  by  1.144.) 


Age 
Years 

Maximum 

Quality 

Minimum 

I 

II 

in 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 

10,500 
25,200 
34,500 
40,000 
44,100 
47,500 
50,300 

16,200 
26,600 
32,200 
37,800 
41,400 
44,500 

12,700 
20,650 
25,900 
29,800 
32,800 
35,200 
37,000 
38,700 

7,700 
13,800 
18,250 
21,350 
23,700 
25,400 
26,850 
28,150 
29,200 
30,100 
30,800 

1,500 
8,000 
12,500 
15,600 
17,750 
19,400 
20,800 
22,000 
23,000 
23,800 
24,650 

:::::::;::::: 

.. 

TABLE  41o. — YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  BOARD  FEET  OF  ALL  TREES  11  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER 
BREASTHIGH  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  AND  ON  DIF- 
FERENT QUALITY  SITES.  No  ALLOWANCE  FOR  EXCESSIVE  CROOK,  WASTE  OR  BREAKAGE. 

BOARDS  1  1-16  INCHES  THICK,  BAND-SAWED,  1-7  INCH  KERF. 
(To  reduce  to  circular-sawed,  1-4  inch  kerf,  divide  by  1.144.) 


Quality 

Age 

I 

II 

III 

Years 

Volume  —  Board  feet 

25 

5,450 

30 

16,500 

2,200 

35 

25,300 

12,250 

1,400 

40 

31,800 

19,400 

7,750 

.    45 

36,650 

24,400 

12,700 

50 

40,350 

28,300 

16,650 

55 

43,500 

31,400 

19,800 

60 

46,200 

34,150 

22,300 

65 

48,600 

36,450 

24,650 

70 

50,500 

38,500 

26,650 

75 

52,100 

40,200 

28,350 

80 

53,350 

41,600 

29,800 

85 

54.350 

42,700 

30,900 

90 

55,200 

43,500 

31,700 

95 

56,000 

44,200 

100 

56,700 

44,700 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


95 


TABLE  42. — TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  TREES  or  ALL  CROWN  CLASSES  PER  ACRE  Six  INCHES 
AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER,  THEIR  AVERAGE  DIAMETER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  DECREASE  IN  NUMBER, 
TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  DOMINANT  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER,  AND  THEIR  AVERAGE  DIAMETER 
AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age 
Years 

Trees  of  all  crown  classes 
6  inches  and  over 

Dominant  trees 
6  inches  and  over 

Number  of 
trees  per 
acre 

Per  cent 
of  decrease 
in  number 
of  trees 

Average 
diameter 

Inches 

Number  of 
trees  per 
acre 

Average 
diameter 

Inches 

Quality  I 


25 

486 

8.2 

230 

9.1 

30 

449 

7.6 

9.3 

248 

10.4 

40 

273 

39.2 

11.4 

179 

13.2 

50 

199 

27.1 

13.2 

125 

15.7 

60 

169 

15.1 

14.8 

100 

17.4 

70 

150 

10.6 

16.1 

89 

18.8 

80 

134 

17.3 

77 

20.0 

90 

120 

18.3 

71 

21.2 

100 

108 

19.1 

64 

22.3 

Quality  II 


25 

476 

7.5 

262 

7.8 

30 

469 

1.5 

8.5 

273 

8.8 

40 

342 

27.8 

10.3 

217 

10.8 

50 

244 

28.3 

11.9 

151 

12.8 

60 

187 

21.8 

13.2 

118 

14.5 

70 

160 

12.4 

14.3 

101 

15.7 

80 

142 

15.3 

86 

17.0 

90 

129 

16.2 

77 

18.1 

100 

118 

17.0 

70 

19.1 

Quality  III 


30 

482 

7.6 

263 

8.2 

40 

357 

17.9 

9.1 

204 

10.0 

50 

256 

28.3 

10.5 

157 

11.7 

60 

199 

17.0 

11.7 

121 

13.1 

70 

167 

12.6 

12.7 

102 

14.3 

80 

150 

13.6 

88 

15.4 

96 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  43. — TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  TREES  PER  ACRE  NINE  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER  BREAST- 
HIGH  AND  THEIR  AVERAGE  DIAMETER  IN  DENSE,  UNTHINNED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT 
DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age  of  stand 
Years 

Number  of  trees  9  inches 
in  diameter  and  over 

Average  diameter 

Quality  I 

25 

234 

10.3 

30 

254 

11.4 

40 

204 

13.2 

50 

173 

14.6 

60 

154 

15.6 

70 

140 

16.4 

80 

130 

17.1 

90 

121 

17.6 

100 

115 

18.0 

110 

109 

18.4 

120 

105 

18.6 

Quality  II 

25      • 

68 

9.4 

30 

153 

9.9 

40 

197 

11.2 

50 

179 

12.6 

60 

161 

13.9 

70 

145 

14.9 

80 

135 

15.6 

90 

126 

16.2 

100 

118 

16.7 

110 

112 

17.0 

120 

108 

17.4 

Quality  III 

30 

46 

9.1 

40 

234 

9.7 

50 

173 

11.0 

60 

146 

12.5 

70 

126 

13.6 

80 

113 

14.4 

90 

102 

15.1 

100 

94 

15.6 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


97 


TABLE  44.— TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  TREES  PER  ACRE  ELEVEN  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER  BREASTHIGH 
AND  THEIR  AVERAGE  DIAMETER  IN  DENSE,  UNTHINNED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIFFER- 
ENT AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Age  of  stand 
Years 

Number  of  trees  11  inches 
in  diameter  and  over 

Average  diameter 

• 
Quality  I 

25 

156 

11.8 

30 

173 

12.6 

40 

163 

14.2 

50 

150 

15.4 

60 

135 

16.4 

70 

125 

17.2 

80 

117 

17.8 

90 

109 

18.3 

100 

104 

18.7 

110 

101 

18.9 

120 

98 

19.1 

Quality  II 

30 

50 

11.5 

40 

120 

12.8 

50 

131 

14.1 

60 

127 

15.2 

70 

120 

16.0 

80 

114 

16.7 

90 

107 

17.3 

100 

102 

17.7 

110 

98 

18.0 

120 

95 

18.3 

Quality  III 

40 

80 

11.7 

50 

96 

13.0 

60 

94 

14.2 

70 

90 

15.1 

80 

85 

15.8 

90 

81 

16.3 

100 

78 

16.7 

98  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


GRADED  VOLUME  TABLES. 

Tables  45  to  54  give  the  actual  amounts,  values,  and  percentages  of 
the  different  grades  of  lumber  sawed  from  logs  of  different  grades  and 
from  logs  from  different  parts  of  the  stem. 

The  results  were  secured  by  a  large  number  of  measurements  of  the 
logs  in  the  woods  and  their  cut  at  the  mill.  The  logs  were  carefully 
measured  as  to  diameter  and  length,  and  marked,  those  in  each  tree  being 
given  a  specific  designation,  which  showed  not  only  that  they  were 
from  the  same  tree,  but  indicated  the  relative  position  of  each  log  in 
the  trunk  of  the  tree,  whether  butt,  second,  third,  or  top.  About  1,000 
logs  were  sawed  at  a  mill  with  a  daily  cut  of  30,000  board  feet  by  a 
circular  saw  taking  a  ^-inch  kerf.  An  exact  tally  was  kept  not  only 
of  the  number  of  feet  but  of  the  grade  of  each  board  which  was  sawed 
from  each  log.  These  logs  ranging  in  diameter  at  the  small  end  from 
5  inches  to  20  inches  were  largely  from  second-growth  stands  between 
40  and  70  years  old.  The  utilization  was  close  and  the  amount  of  mill 
waste  small ;  somewhat  closer  utilization  would  have  been  possible  in 
the  tops,  but  at  the  expense  of  reducing  the  grades.  About  1,000  other 
logs  ranging  in  diameter  at  the  small  end  from  7  to  30  inches  were 
marked  and  numbered  in  the  woods  and  were  carefully  graded.  These 
were  sawed  at  three  different  mills  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
number,  were  band-sawed.  An  exact  tally  was  kept  of  the  number  of 
board  feet  and  the  amount  of  each  grade  of  lumber  wrhich  was  sawed 
from  the  logs  of  different  diameters  in  each  grade  of  logs.  These  logs 
were  from  trees  in  stands  which  varied  in  age  between  45  and  250  years. 
The  cut  of  all  logs  was  brought  to  a  uniform  basis  as  regards  saw  thick- 
ness and  allowance  for  shrinkage  by  the  use  of  converting  factors  (see 
note  to  table  23). 

GRADING  OF  LOGS. 

Six  grades  of  logs  were  recognized  as  follows : 

Grade  1.  Logs  smooth-barked,  the  centers  not  coarse-grained,  and 
entirely  free  from  such  surface  indications  of  defects  as  knot  signs  or 
red  heart.  While  they  are  chiefly  butt  logs,  second  and  even  third  logs 
from  large  5  and  6-logged  trees,  particularly  those  from  intermediate 
and  suppressed  trees,  were  included  in  this  grade.  Even  butt  logs  of 
this  grade  if  less  than  10  inches  in  diameter  must  as  a  rule  come  from 
intermediate  and  suppressed  trees.  They  have  less  taper  than  any  other 
grade  of  logs  and  consequently  saw  out  less  lumber  above  the  log  scale. 
The  f.  o.  b.  value  (first  quarter  1913)  of  the  lumber  which  is  sawed  from 
Grade  1  logs  at  points  which  have  the  Norfolk,  Virginia,  price  basis 
is  from  $22.46  per  1,000  board  feet  for  lumber  from  7-inch  logs  to  $30 
per  1,000  board  feet  for  lumber  from  30-inch  logs.  (Plate  XII,  C.) 

Grade  2.  Logs  free  from  indications  of  red  heart,  smooth  barked, 
but  showing  slight  signs  of  knots  on  one  side  or  quarter  of  the  log. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SUIIVKY 


PLATE  XII. 


LOGS   OF   DIFFERENT   GRADES. 

A.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  3  and  4,  diameters  5  to  16  inches.     These  are  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes 

now  coming  to  the  mills.     Average  log  about  38  feet,  D.-S.      (Author's  illustration.) 

B.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  2  and  3,  diameters  10  to  24  inches.     These  are  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes 

which  were  cut  by  the  mills  between  1895  and  1910.     Average  log  about  90  feet,  D.-S.     The  small 
size  of  the  heartwood  is  noteworthy.      (Author's  illustration.) 

C.  Logs  chiefly  of  Grades  1  and  2,  diameters  12  to  36  inches.     These  were  the  prevailing  grades  and  sizes 

which  were  sawed  until  1895.      Average  log  about  200  feet,  D.-S. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  99 

Such  logs  are  largely  second  logs  in  Quality  III  stands ;  some  third  and 
even  fourth  logs  from  large  trees  in  first  and  second  quality  stands  may, 
however,  be  of  this  grade,  or  they  may  be  butt  logs  from  trees  in  young 
or  old  field  stands  which  were  not  sufficiently  crowded  and  have  coarse- 
grained centers.  The  f.  o.  b.  value  at  Norfolk  of  lumber  which  is 
sawed  from  Grade  2  logs  is  from  $21.66  per  1,000  board  feet  for  lumber 
from  7-inch  logs  to  $28.64  per  1,000  feet  for  lumber  from  27-inch  logs. 
It  is  evident  from  a  comparison  of  the  value  of  the  lumber  cut  from  this 
grade  and  Grade  1  logs  that  small  defects  have  little  influence  upon  the 
value  of  large  logs.  (Plate  XII,  B.) 

Grade  3.  Logs  surface  sound  and  free  from  large  knots,  but  having 
small  knots  on  one  side  or  at  one  end  of  the  log.  In  forest-grown  timber 
logs  of  this  grade  are  chiefly  cut  from  just  below  the  base  of  the  crown, 
or  in  open  stands  they  may  come  from  a  lower  portion  of  the  stem. 
The  f.  o.  b.  value  of  lumber  which  is  sawed  from  Grade  3  logs  is  from 
$17.50  per  1,000  board  feet  for  lumber  from  6-inch  logs  to  $25  for 
lumber  from  30-inch  logs.  (Plate  XII,  A  and  B.) 

Grade  4-  Logs  partly  from  the  crown  and  partly  from  the  stem 
below  it.  One  end  or  one  side  of  the  log  free  from  very  large  knots  and 
red  heart.  The  f.  o.  b.  value  at  Norfolk  of  lumber  from  Grade  4  logs 
is  $15  per  1,000  board  feet  for  lumber  from  6-inch  logs  to  $19  per  1,000 
feet  board  measure  for  lumber  from  22-inch  logs.  (Plate  XII,  A.) 

Grade  5.  Logs  sound  but  having  coarse  knots  (1  to  2  inches  in 
diameter)  throughout.  They  lie  entirely  within  the  crown  or  come 
from  extremely  knotty  trees  which  have  grown  in  open  stands.  The 
f.  o.  b.  value  at  Norfolk  of  lumber  from  Grade  5  logs  is  from  $14  to  $17 
per  1,000  board  feet,  according  to  the  diameter  of  the  log.  No.  5  grade 
logs  cut  95  per  cent  and  over  No.  4  grade  and  cull  lumber  and  less 
than  5  per  cent  all  other  grades.  Top  logs  of  trees  under  25  inches  in 
diameter  breasthigh  are  usually  of  this  grade  (see  Table  55).  Such  logs 
on  account  of  the  knots  yield  no  bark  strips. 

Red  heart  logs. — These  come  chiefly  from  the  middle  and  upper  parts 
of  the  stems  of  trees  more  than  100  years  old,  occasionally  the  lower 
end  of  butt  logs  is  affected  with  red  heart.  The  average  f.  o.  b.  value 
at  Norfolk  of  lumber  from  red  heart  logs  is  about  $18  per  1,000  board 
feet,  the  value  varying  but  little  with  the  diameter  because  of  the  larger 
proportion  of  redheart  in  large  logs  than  in  small  logs.  The  average 
f.  o.  b.  value  for  logs  of  all  grades  is  based  on  the  price  at  Norfolk. 

Cull  logs  were  not  taken.  These  come  chiefly  from  the  tops  of  trees 
25  inches  or  more  in  diameter  which  have  very  large  knots  3  inches  and 
more  in  diameter,  and  cut  out  50  per  cent  or  more  cull  lumber.  They 
would  add  about  5  per  cent  to  the  volume  of  these  trees.  (The  logs  in 
the  crown  of  tree  in  Plate  VII  would  be  cull  logs;  also,  see  Plate  XIX.) 

The  amount  and  per  cent  of  grades  sawed  from  butt,  second,  third  and 
top  logs  of  trees  in  two  different  stands  are  given  in  Tables  55  and  56. 


100  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

GRADING  OF  LUMBER. 

All  lumber  was  graded  according  to  the  1911  standard  for  the  inspec- 
tion of  North  Carolina  pine.  The  basis  of  inspection  is  the  best  or 
face  side.  Stock  sizes  below  12-inch  are  6-inch,  8-inch  and  10-inch 
widths.  Other  widths  are  grouped  as  edge.  A  pin  knot  is  not  over  % 
inch;  a  standard  knot  not  over  1^  inches;  a  large  knot  is  over  1% 
inches.  Standard  lengths  of  lumber  are  8  to  16  feet,  not  to  exceed  5 
per  cent  8  feet  lengths;  widths,  other  than  bark  strips  3  inches  and 
over.  The  following  is  a  brief  description  of  the  grades  of  kiln-dried 
lumber.  Air  dried  lumber  admits  more  stain  than  kiln-dried;  25  per 
cent  in  No.  2 ;  50  per  cent  in  No.  3 ;  75  per  cent  in  No.  4.  By  stain  is 
meant  blued  sap  wood.  This  does  not  affect  the  strength  of  the  wood. 

No.  1  Grade.  This  grade  includes  boards  8  inches  and  under  in 
width  having  one  side  clear  of  all  defects,  except  2  small  defects  such  as 
pitch  streaks,  and  the  other  side  grading  up  to  a  No.  2  board.  Lum- 
ber over  8  inches  wide  may  have  in  addition  one  small  pitch  pocket, 
sound  pin  knot,  or  other  slight  defect  for  each  additional  2  inches  of 
width.  (Plate  XIII,  A.) 

No.  2  Grade. — This  grade  consists  of  boards  with  small  tight  knots 
on  the  best  side  and  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  area  of  pitch  streaks ;  the 
other  side  grades  up  to  No.  3  or  better.  Pieces  8  inches  in  width  or 
under  may  have  3  pin  knots,  or  3  small  pitch  pockets;  pieces  over  8 
inches  wide  may  have  for  each  additional  2  inches  of  width  one  stand- 
ard knot,  3  pin  knots  or  3  pitch  pockets  or  small  pitch  streaks.  (Plate 
XIII,  B.) 

No.  3  Grade. — This  grade  consists  of  tight  knotted  boards  below  No. 
2,  one  edge  No.  2  or  better  on  the  best  face,  and  not  to  exceed  15  per  cent 
of  stain.  Pieces  6  inches  and  over  admit  sound  knots  to  a  diameter  of 
not  over  y^  of  the  width  of  the  piece,  or  other  defects  such  as  pin  knots, 
pitch  pockets,  or  pitch  streaks ;  pitchy  boards  which  would  otherwise 
grade  No.  1  or  No.  2.  No.  1  and  No.  2  boards  which  are  pitchy,  No.  2, 
allowing  33  per  cent.  No.  1,  50  per  cent  of  pitch;  No.  1  and  No.  2 
boards  having  50  per  cent  stained  surface  or  firm  redheart  not  to  exceed 
20  per  cent  are  admitted  to  this  grade.  (Plate  XIII,  C.) 

No.  4  Grade  (Box). — Box  consists  of  sound  lumber  below  the  grade 
of  No.  3,  containing  pin,  standard,  and  large  reasonably  sound  knots, 
and  will  admit  other  knots  which  do  not  seriously  affect  the  strength 
of  the  pieces;  a  larger  amount  of  pitchy,  stained,  or  redheart  surface 
than  No.  3,  or  a  greater  aggregate  of  knots  or  pitch  pockets  than  is  ad- 
missible in  No.  3  boards.  (Plate  XIII,  D.) 

No.  5  Grade  (Culls). — Culls  consist  of  lumber  lower  than  No.  4 
(excepting  redheart  or  box  strips),  either  knottier  or  with  more  pitch, 
which  can  be  used  without  a  waste  exceeding  25  per  cent  and  may  con- 
tain 50  per  cent  of  firm  redheart. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   XIII. 


PLATE  XIII.  Typical  boards  of  important  grades  of  North  Carolina  pine  lumber  12  feet 
long.  A  to  D,  inclusive,  are  dressed  boards;  E  and  F  are  rough.  (Photographs  made 
under  direction  of  author.) 

A.  No.  1  grade  board,  16  inches  wide,  from  a  large,  old,  fine-grained  heart  tree  of  the  qual- 

ity known  as  "slash  pine."  A  narrow  margin  of  sapwood  is  shown  on  either  edge  of 
the  board. 

B.  No.  2  grade  board,  12  inches  wide.     The  defects  are  a  small  pin  knot  and  a  narrow  pitch 

streak  in  the  upper  one-half  of  the  board.  Board  from  an  old  growth,  fine-grained 
tree,  very  largely  heartwood. 

C.  No.   3   grade  board,    12   inches  wide.     The  defects  are  a  pitch  pocket  in  the  lower  one- 

fourth,  two  pin  knots  near  the  middle  of  the  board,  a  pitch  streak  at  the  upper  end 
of  the  board,  and  a  sliver  in  the  coarse  flat  grain  of  its  center.  Board  is  from  a 
second-growth  forest  tree,  coarse-grained  in  the  center  and  medium-grained  on  the 
edges. 

D.  Box   or    No.    4    grade   board,    12    inches   wide.     Very   knotty    and    coarse-grained.     This 

board  is  from  a  rapid  growth  tree  of  the  old-field  type  and  is  all  sapwood  except  a 
narrow  ribbon  of  heart  down  the  center. 

E.  Merchantable  red  heart  grade  board,  10  inches  wide.     This  board  would  have  graded  as 

a  No.  3  but  for  the  red  heart  which  shows  as  the  dark  streaks  in  the  heartwood. 

F.  Box  bark  strip.     The  bark  edge  shows  along  the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  strip;  the 

bark  has  been  trimmed  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  piece. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


101 


Firm  redheart  admits  pieces  containing  any  amount  of  firm  redheart 
which  can  not  be  classed  as  No.  1,  2,  3,  or  4.  (Plate  XIII,  E.) 

Nos.  1  and  2  bark  strips  consist  of  edging  lumber  faced  with  bark  on 
oije  side  and  shall  not  show  less  than  V%  inch  of  Avood  on  both  edges  from 
end  to  end  of  piece,  and  shall  otherwise  equal  the  grades  of  Nos.  1  and  2 
lumber. 

Box  bark  strip.  This  grade  consists  of  bark  strips  falling  below  No. 
1  and  No.  2  bark  strip.  (Plate  XIII,  F.) 

TABLE  45. — PER  CENT  OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM 
GRADE  ONE  LOGS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS. 

Logs  16.3  feet  long,  perfect,  sound,  usually  from  the  lower  part  of  stem,  free  from  knot  signs,  with 
smooth  bark  and  fine-graine'd  centers.    Boards  1  1-16  inch  thick,  band-sawed,  kerf  1-7  inch. 


Diameter 
inside 

Per  cent  of  each  grade 

bark  at 
small  end 
of  log 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box 

Red 
heart  and 

Bark 
strips  Nos. 

Total 

Inches 

cull 

1  and  2 

7 

25.0 

25.0 

20.8 

16.7 

12.5 

100 

g 

23.5 

32.4 

23.5 

11.8 

8.8 

100 

• 

24  .4 

37.8 

22.2 

8.9 

6.7 

100 

10 

28.3 

38.3 

21.7 

6.7 

5.0 

100 

H 

28.4 

40.5 

21.6 

5.4 

4.1 

100 

12 

31  .9 

39.6 

20.8 

4.4 

3.3 

100 

13 

33.6 

39.1 

20.1 

3.6 

3.6 

100 

14 

35.9 

38.2 

19.1 

3.0 

.8 

3.0 

100 

15 

37.5 

36.8 

19.1 

2.6 

.7 

3.3 

100 

16 

40.1 

35.6 

18.0 

'2.3 

.6 

3.4 

100 

17 

41.6 

34.7 

17.7 

2.0 

.5 

3.5 

100 

18 

43.0 

34.3 

17.6 

17  i 

.4 

3.0 

100 

19 

43.8 

33.8 

17.4 

1.5  ' 

.4 

3.1 

100 

20 

44.2 

33.2 

17.5 

1.7 

.3 

3.1 

100 

21 

44.0 

33.0 

17.8 

1.8 

.3 

3.1 

100 

22 

43.7 

32.7 

18.1 

2.2 

.3 

3.0 

100 

23 

43.6 

32.7 

18.6 

2.2 

.2 

2.7 

100 

24 

43.2 

32.2 

18.9 

2.5 

.5 

2.7 

100 

25 

42.9 

32.2 

19.5 

2.5 

.4 

2.5 

100 

26 

42.9 

32.2 

19.7 

2.5 

.4 

2.3 

100 

27 

42.7 

32.2 

20.1 

2.4 

.4 

2.2 

100 

28 

42.6 

32.1 

20.6 

2.4 

.3 

2.0 

100 

29 

42.4 

32.2 

20.8 

2.4 

.3 

1.9 

100 

30 

42.2 

32.2 

21.0 

2.5 

'    .3 

1.8 

100 

102 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  46. — PER  CENT  OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM 
GRADE  Two  LOGS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS. 

Logs  16.3  feet  long,  slightly  knotty,  sound,  usually  from  the  lower  part  of  stem,  with  smooth  bark, 
and  moderately  fine-grained  centers.    Boards  1  1-16  inch  thick,  band-sawed,  kerf  1-7  inch. 


Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
small  end 
of  log 

Inches 

Per  cent  of  each  grade 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box 

Red 
heart  and 
cull 

Bark 
strips  Nos. 
1  and  2 

Total 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

16.6 
17.6 
20.0 
21.7 
23.0 
25.3 

25.0 
32.4 
37.8 
39.9 
40.5 
39.6 

29.3 

29.4 
26.6 
26.7 
27.0 
25.2 

16.6 
11.8 
8.9 
6.7 
5.4 
5.5 

12.5 
8.8 
6.7 
5.0 
4.1 
3.3 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

1.1 

13 

27.3 

38.2 

24.5 

5.5 

.9 

3.6 

100 

14 

29.8 

37.4 

24.3 

4.6 

.8 

3.1 

100 

15 

32.2 

35.5 

23.7 

4.6 

.7 

3.3 

100 

16 

34.5 

33.9 

23.1 

4.5 

.6 

3.4 

100 

17 

36.1 

33.2 

22.2 

4.0 

1.0 

3.5 

100 

18 

37.4 

32.2 

22.2 

3.9 

1.3 

3.0 

100 

19 

38.5 

31.5    . 

21.5 

4.2 

1.2 

3.1 

100 

20 

39.7 

30.8 

21.3 

4.1 

1.0 

3.1 

100 

21 

40.4 

30.6 

20.7 

4.3 

.9 

3.1 

100 

22 

40.9 

30.2 

20.7 

4.4 

.8 

3.0 

100 

23 

41.4 

30.4 

20.3 

4.5 

.7 

2.7 

100 

24 

42.0 

30.1 

20.2 

4.3 

.7 

2.7 

100 

25 

42.5 

30.1 

19.9 

4.4 

.6 

2.5 

100 

26 

42.9 

30.0 

19.7 

4.5 

.6 

2.3 

100 

27 

43.3 

30.0 

19.6 

4.4 

.5 

2.2 

100 

28 

43.3 

30.1 

19.5 

4.4 

.7 

2.0 

100 

29 

43.7 

30.0 

19.5 

4.3 

.6 

1.9 

100 

30 

43.7 

29.9 

19.6 

4.3 

.7 

1.8 

100 

LOBLOLLY   OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


103 


TABLE  47.— PER  CENT  OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  op   NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM 
GRADE  THREE  Loos  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS. 

Logs  16.3  feet  long,  slightly  knotty,  chiefly  from  the  middle  part  of  the  stem.    Boards  1  1-16  inch 
thick,  band-sawed,  kerf  1-7  inch. 


Diameter 
inside 
bark  at 
small  end 
of  log 

Inches 

Per  cent  of  each  grade 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box 

Red 

heart  and 
cull 

Bark 

strips  Nos. 
1  and  2 

Total 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

77.0 

23.0 
14.3 
9.4 
7.3 
5.8 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

33.3 

31.2 
31.7 
30.8 

52.4 
50.0 
48.8 
46.2 

6.3 
9.8 
11.5 

3.1 

2.4 
1.9 

3.8 

10 

4.7 

12.5 

29.7 

45.3 

3.1 

4.7 

100 

11 

7.6 

12  J 

27.8 

44.3 

3.8 

3.8 

100 

12 

9.4 

13.5 

27.1 

42.7 

4.2 

3.1 

100 

13            « 

11.4 

14.0 

25.4 

40.4 

5.3 

3.5 

100 

14 

12.6 

14.1 

25.2 

39.2 

5.9 

3.0 

100 

15 

13.9 

14.6 

24.0 

37.3 

7.0 

3.2 

100 

16 

15.5 

14.9 

23.8 

35.4 

7.7 

2.7 

100 

17 

16.9 

15.5 

23.2 

33.8 

8.2 

2.4 

100 

18 

18.0 

15.8 

23.1 

32.0 

9.0 

2.1 

100 

19 

19.5 

16.0 

22.9 

30.2 

9.5 

1.9 

100 

20 

20.5 

16.4 

22.6 

28.5 

10.3 

1.7 

100 

21 

21.9 

16.7 

22.2 

26.5 

11.1 

1.6 

100 

22 

23.2 

16.5 

22  .4 

25.0 

11.5 

1.4 

100 

23 

24.8 

16.4 

22.2 

23.3 

12.0 

1.3 

100 

24 

25.9 

16.3 

22.0 

22.0 

12.6 

1.2 

100 

25 

27.6 

16.1 

21.7 

20.6 

12.9 

1.1 

100 

26 

29.0 

15.9 

21.5 

19.3 

13.3 

1.0 

100 

27 

30.5 

15.4 

21.4 

18.0 

13.8 

.9 

100 

28 

31.9 

15.2 

21.2 

16.9 

13.9 

.9 

100 

29 

33.1 

14.9 

21.0 

16.0 

14.2 

.8 

100 

30 

34.3 

14.4 

20.9 

15.2 

14.4 

.8 

100 

104 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  48. — PER  CENT  OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM 
GRADE  4  LOGS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS.  THESE  ARE  LOGS  FROM  BELOW 
THE  TOP  Loo. 


Diameter 

inside  bark 

at  small  end 
of  Log 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box  or 

No.  4 

Cull 

Box  bark 
strip 

Total 

Inches 

4 

74 

26 

100 

5 

2 

82 

16 

100 

6 

5 

85 

10 

100 

7 

5 

88 

7 

100 

8 

2 

5 

88 

5 

100 

9 

2 

5 

89 

4 

100 

10 

2 

5 

88 

2 

3 

100 

11 

2 

5 

88 

2 

3 

100 

12 

1 

2 

5 

87 

2 

3 

100 

13 

2 

2 

6 

86 

2 

2 

100 

14 

2 

2 

6 

86 

2 

2» 

100 

15 

2 

3 

6 

85 

2 

2 

100 

16 

2 

3 

6 

85 

2 

2 

100 

17 

3 

3 

6 

84 

3 

1 

100 

18 

3 

4 

6 

82 

4 

1 

100 

19 

3 

4 

7 

81 

4 

1 

100 

20 

4 

4 

7 

80 

4 

1 

100 

21 

5 

5 

7 

77 

5 

1 

.100 

22 

5 

5 

7 

77 

5 

1 

100 

Grade  5  logs,  which  are  knotty  top  logs,  yield  at  least  95  per  cent 
of  No.  4  lumber  and  cull. 

Cull  logs,  which  are  very  knotty  top  logs  from  large  trees  and  have 
coarse  knots,  yield  at  least  50  per  cent  cull  lumber.  (ISTote  the  log 
within  the  crown  of  tree  in  Plate  VII.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


105 


TABLE  49. — PER  CENT    OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM 
RED  HEART  LOGS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS. 


Diameter 
inside  bark 
at  small  end 
of  log 

Inches 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box           Red  heart 
and  cull 

Box  bark 
strip 

Total 

Per  cent  of  each  grade 

7 

6.2 

9.4 

31.3 

37.5 

6.2 

9.4 

100 

8 

4.9 

7.3 

24.4 

41.5 

14.6 

7.3 

100 

9 

3.8 

7.7 

19.2 

46.2 

17.3 

5.8 

100 

10 

3.1 

6.3 

17.2 

4S.4 

18.7 

6.3 

100 

11 

3.8 

6.3 

13.9 

48.1 

22.8 

5.1 

100 

12 

4.2 

5.2 

12.5 

48.9 

24.0     ' 

5.2 

100 

13 

5.3 

5.3 

11.4 

48.2 

25.4 

4.4 

100 

14 

5.2 

5.2 

10.4 

47.4 

28.1 

3.7 

100 

15 

5.7 

5.1 

9.5 

46.2 

30.3 

3.2 

100 

16 

6.0 

5.0 

9.4 

44.8 

32.0 

2.8 

100 

17 

6.3 

4.8 

9.2 

43.5 

33.8 

2.4 

100 

18 

6.9 

4.7 

9.4 

41.9 

35.0 

2.1 

100 

19 

6.9 

4.6 

9.5 

40.5 

36.6 

1.9 

100 

20 

7.2 

4.5 

9.6 

39.0 

38.0 

1.7 

100 

21 

7.1 

4.3 

9.9 

38.0 

39.2 

1.5 

100 

22 

7.0 

4.2 

10.4 

37.2 

39.8 

1.4 

100 

23 

6.6 

4.1 

10.5 

36.8 

40.7 

1.3 

100 

24 

6.5 

3.7 

10.8 

36.7 

41.1 

1.2 

100 

25 

6.2 

3.7 

10.7 

36.6 

41.7 

1.1 

100 

26 

6.0 

3.4 

10.5 

36.7 

42.4 

1.0 

100 

27 

5.9 

3.1 

10.3 

37.2 

42.6 

.9 

100 

28 

5.5 

2.9 

10.0 

37.8 

42.9 

.9 

100 

29 

5.2 

2.7 

9.5 

38.5 

43.3 

.8 

100 

30 

5.0 

2.6 

9.3 

39.1 

43.2 

.8 

100 

.106 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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Ill 


Tables  55  and  55a  give  the  per  ceiit  and  amounts  of  the  different 
grades  of  lumber  sawed  with  a  circular  saw  with  ^-iuch  kerf  in  logs 
from  different  parts  of  the  trunk  of  trees  in  fully  stocked  stands  of  lob- 
lolly pine  45  years  old,  Quality  I,  and  65  years  old  between  Qualities  II 
and  III,  respectively.  These  measurements  were  made  at  a  mill  in  Gates 
County,  X.  C.  They  show  the  small  per  cent  of  upper  grades  in  top 
logs  and  indicate  the  necessity  of  forcing  the  length  of  clear  stem  of 
trees  in  young  stands  since,  at  a  given  age,  with  equal  diameters,  the 
longer  the  stem  the  greater  is  the  proportion  of  upper  grades.  (Plates 
III,  XIY  and  XVII,  also  I  and  VII.)  The  larger  proportion  of  upper 
grades  of  lumber  in  the  logs  of  the  older  stand  is  noteworthy  as  well  as 
the  rapid  increase  in  the  amounts  of  these  grades  with  diameter.  This 
also  applies  to  Tables  56  and  57. 

Table  56  gives  the  per  cent  of  different  grades  of  lumber  in  trees  of 
different  diameters  in  fully  stocked  stands  40  to  50  years  old  on  dif- 
ferent quality  sites,  and  Table  57,  the  same  for  stands  60  to  70  years  old. 
These  tables  show  the  per  cent  of  grades  which  trees  in  stands  on  dif- 
ferent quality  sites  can  be  expected  to  yield  at  45  and  65  years.*  By 
interpolation  the  proportion  can  be  ascertained  for  trees  in  stands  of 
intermediate  ages,  and  the  proportion  can  be  approximated  for  trees  in 
younger  and  older  stands.  Few  commercial  stands  will  be  produced, 
however,  beyond  the  age  of  60  years.  This  table  used  in  connection 
with  value  table  (Table  58)  enables  the  probable  future  value  of  a  stand 

The  average  tree  which  was  being  cut  in  the  60-70  years  old  stand  in  Gates  County  had  a  mill 
volume  of  142  board  feet,  and  a  corresponding  breast-high  diameter  of  13.6  inches.  The  grade  yield 
of  such  a  tree  (between  quality  classes  II  and  III)  is  obtained  from  Table  57  as  consisting  of: 


Grade 

Per  cent  of  grade 

Price  per  1000  ft. 
of  grade  1912-13 

Value 

No.  1  

13 

$  29.80 

$  3.87 

No.  2  

10 

25.50 

2.55 

No.  3 

20 

19.20 

3.84 

No.  4 

50 

15.00 

7.50 

1  and  2  Bark  Strip 

4 

19.00 

.76 

Box  Bark  Strip 

2 

11.00 

.22 

Cull.. 

1 

13.00 

.13 

Value  per  1,000  feet  of 
lumber  in  average  tree 

$  18.87 

This  gives  an  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk  value  of  $18.87  per  1,000  bd.  ft.,  which  is  within  a  few  cents  of  the 
figure  obtainable  from  Tables  63  and  64.  Since  cutting  in  this  stand  was  only  to  8  inches  in  diameter 
breasthigh,  the  average  diameter  is  .6  inch  larger  than  that  obtained  from  Table  16. 

The  45  year  old  stand,  Quality  I,  also  in  Gates  County,  has  an  average  diameter  of  12.8  inches, 
a  volume  of  106  board  feet,  and  an  average  value  per  1,000  board  feet  of  its  lumber  of  $16.72. 

The  average  of  these  figures,  $17.80,  corresponds  very  closely  to  the  Norfolk  price  that  the  output 
of  this  operation  brought  when  cut  in  the  winter  of  1912.  The  average  tree  cut  in  this  operation  was 
13.7  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh. 


112  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

to  be  determined  and  the  financial  results  of  thinnings  to  be  forecast. 
The  values  of  trees  in  these  stands  are  given  in  Tables  59  to  64.  For 
a  discussion  of  the  factors  influencing  grades  see  pages  119  and  follow- 
ing- 
Tables  55,  56,  and  57  apply  only  to  fully  stocked  stands  on  forest 
soils.  They  will  not  apply  to  younger  or  open  stands,  formed  of  short- 
bodied  trees  or  to  stands  on  dry  upland  old  fields,  in  which  the  wood 
is  coarse  grained  and  knotty  and  which  will  largely  yield  ~No.  4  lumber. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


117 


TABLE  56. — PER  CENT  OF  GRADES  OP  LUMBER  IN  TREES  OP  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  GROWING  IN 
FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OP  DIFFERENT  AGES  AND  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 

STANDS  40  TO  50  YEARS  OLD. 
Quality  I 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Height 
of  tree 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 
or  box 

Bark  strips 

Cull 
and  red 
heart 

Total 

land  2 

Box 

Inches 

Per  cent 

7 

70 

5 

76 

11 

g 

100 

g 

75 

g 

75 

10 

7 

100 

g 

80 

1 

1 

9 

74 

9 

6 

100 

10 

84 

2 

3 

8 

73 

7 

6 

1 

100 

11 

88 

3 

4 

9 

73 

5 

5 

1 

100 

12 

91 

3 

5 

10 

74 

4 

3 

1 

100 

13 

93 

4 

6 

11 

73 

3 

2 

1 

100 

14 

94 

5 

7 

11 

72 

2 

2 

1 

100 

15 

95 

6 

7 

12 

71 

2 

1 

1 

100 

16 

96 

7 

8 

12 

69 

2 

1 

1 

100 

17 

97 

g 

9 

12 

68 

2 

1 

100 

18 

98 

g 

9 

12 

67 

2 

1 

100 

19 

99 

10 

10 

12 

65 

2 

1 

100 

20 

99 

11 

11 

12 

63 

2 

1 

100 

Quality  II 


7 

59 

2 

79 

10 

9 

100 

g 

64 

6 

78 

9 

7 

100 

9 

68 

7 

78 

8 

6 

1 

100 

10 

72 

1 

8 

78 

6 

6 

1 

100 

11 

76 

2 

8 

79 

5 

5 

1 

100 

12 

79 

1 

3 

8 

79 

4 

4 

1 

100 

13 

81 

2 

4 

9 

79 

3 

2 

1 

100 

14 

83 

3 

5 

9 

78 

2 

2 

1 

100 

15 

84 

4 

6 

10 

76 

2 

1 

1 

100 

16 

85 

5 

7 

10 

74 

2 

1 

1 

100 

17 

85 

6 

8 

10 

72 

2 

1 

1 

100 

R\ 

7 

g 

10 

72 

2 

1 

100 

StA 

8' 

9 

10 

70 

2 

1 

100 

Quality  III 


7 

52 

82 

9 

9 

100 

g 

57 

3 

81 

8 

8 

100 

9 

61 

6 

80 

7 

7 

100 

10 

64 

8 

80 

5 

6 

1 

100 

11 

67 

2 

8 

80 

4 

5 

1 

100 

12 

69 

1 

2 

8 

81 

3 

4 

1 

100 

13 

70 

1 

3 

8 

82 

2 

3 

1 

100 

14 

71 

2 

5 

8 

79 

2 

3 

1 

100 

15 

71 

3 

5 

9 

78 

2 

2 

1 

100 

16 

71 

4 

5 

9 

78 

2 

1 

1 

100 

17 

71 

4 

6 

9 

77 

2 

1 

1 

100 

18 

70 

5 

6 

9 

76 

2 

1 

1 

100 

118 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  57. — PER  CENT  OF  GRADES  OF  LUMBER  IN  TREES  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS,  IN  FULLY 
STOCKED  STANDS  OF  DIFFERENT  AGES  AND  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 

STANDS  60  TO  70  YEARS  OLD. 
Quality  I 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Height 
of  tree 

Feet 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 
or  box 

Bark  strips 

Cull 
and  red 
heart 

Total 

1  and  2 

Box 

Per  cent 

11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

87 
92 
96 
100 
103 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
110 
110 
111   • 
111 

11 
15 

18 
20 
21 
22 
23 
23 
24 
24 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 

9 
12 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
16 
16 
17 
17 
19 
20 
21 
21 

25 
26 
26 
27 
28 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 
30 
30 
30 

45 
38 
36 
34 
31 
31 
30 
29 
28 
27 
26 
25 
22 
21 
21 

7 
6 
5 
4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3 
2 
1 

1 
1 
1 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

Quality  II 


9 

1 

6 

22 

56 

8 

7 

100 

10 

74 

5 

6 

21 

54 

7 

6 

1 

100 

11 

78 

9 

8 

21 

51 

6 

4 

1 

100 

12 

82 

12 

9 

21 

49 

5 

3 

1 

100 

13 

85 

14  . 

10 

21 

48 

4 

2 

1 

100 

14 

86 

15 

11 

21 

47 

4 

1 

1 

100 

15 

90 

16 

13 

21 

44 

4 

1 

1 

100 

16 

92 

18 

13 

21 

43 

3 

1 

1 

100 

17 

93 

19 

14 

21 

41 

3 

1 

1 

100 

18 

94 

20 

14 

21 

41 

3 

1 

100 

19 

95 

21 

14 

21 

40 

3 

1 

100 

20 

95 

21 

15 

21 

39 

3 

1 

100 

21 

95 

22 

15 

21 

38 

3 

1 

100 

22 

95 

22 

15 

22 

38 

2 

1 

100 

Quality  III 


9 

63 

5 

20 

58 

7 

9 

1 

100 

10 

67 

3 

4 

20 

58 

6 

8 

1 

100 

11 

71 

6 

5 

19 

59 

5 

5 

1 

100 

12 

74 

9 

7 

18 

57 

4 

4 

1 

100 

13 

76 

11 

8 

18 

55 

4 

3 

1 

100 

14 

78 

12 

9 

18 

55 

3 

2 

1 

100 

15 

80 

13 

10 

18 

53 

3 

2 

1 

100 

16 

81 

14 

11 

18 

51 

3 

2 

1 

100 

17 

81 

16 

12 

18 

49 

3 

1 

1 

100 

18 

81 

17 

12 

18 

48 

3 

1 

1 

100 

19 

82 

18 

12 

18 

48 

2 

1 

1 

100 

20 

82 

18 

13 

17 

48 

2 

1 

1 

100 

21 

82 

19 

13 

17 

47 

2 

1 

1 

100 

LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


119 


INCREASE  IN  VALUE  OF  TREES. 

A  tree  increases  in  value  by :  (1) Increase  in  volume;  (2)  increase  in 
the  width  of  the  boards  which  are  cut  from  the  tree,  since  the  wider  the 
board  the  greater  its  price  even  in  the  same  grade;  (3)  increase  in  the 
proportion  of  the  higher  priced  grades,  which  are  free  from  knots  and 
other  defects;  (4)  increase  in  the  price  of  stumpage;  and  (5)  closer 
utilization  or  lowering  the  specifications  of  grades  of  lumber.  In  a  fully 
stocked  stand  the  effects  of  these  factors  progressively  increase  with  the 
age  of  the  stand  and  the  size  of  the  trees  except  in  the  case  of  price 
change  in  specifications  and  utilization,  which  increase  irregularly. 

Increase  in  volume  (page  66)  and  increase  in  the  proportion  of  the 
higher  priced  grades  (page  101)  have  already  been  discussed.  The 
other  factors  which  influence  value  will  be  considered  below. 


INCREASE  IN  QUALITY  OF  SAW  TIMBER. 

The  prices  which  have  been  used  for  the  different  grades  and  widths 
of  lumber  are  figures  based  on  actual  sales  ("Weekly  Sales  Keports,  1ST. 
C.  Pine  Association),  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk,  Virginia,  during  the  first  quarter 
of  1913.  They  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Width  of 

Grades  of  rough,  kiln-dried  lumber  and  price  per  1,000  board  feet,  4-4  stock 

boards 
Inches 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4  or 
Box 

Red  heart  and 
mill  cull 

Edge* 

*  29  .00 

$  25  .00 

$  19.00 

S  15  .00 

$  13.25 

6 

29.50 

25.50 

20.00 

16.00 

14.25 

8 

31.00 

26.00 

20.25 

16.50 

15.75 

10 

32.00 

27.00 

21.00 

'    17  .50 

16.75 

12 

36.00 

29.00 
•?";  nn 

21.00 

18.00 

17.25 

Bark  strips  Nos.  1  and  2. 
Box  bark  strips 


.$19.00  per  1,000  board  feet. 
.  11 .00  per  1,000  board  feet. 


•See  page  100. 


120 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


The  average  price  of  North  Carolina  pine  lumber  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk, 
Va.,  for  first  quarter  1913  was  about  $18  per  1,000  board  feet.  In 
June,  1914,  this  average  price  had  declined  to  about  $16.50  per  1,000 
board  feet  as  shown  by  the  following  record  of  weekly  sales,  issued  June 
19,  1914: 


Width  of 
boards 

Inches 

Grades  of  rough  lumber  and  price  per  1,000  board  feet,  kiln 
dried,  4-1  stock,  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk,  Va. 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4  or 
box 

Red  heart  and 
mill  cull 

Edge* 
6 
8 
10 
12 

$  25.81 

$  23.23 

$  16.06 

$  13.30 
14.10 
14.99 
16.31 
16.99 

S  11.55 

31.00 

18.13 

13.47 
14.13 
14.00 

34.00 

20.93 

Bark  strips  Nos.  1  and  2 $18.07 

Box  bark  strips - 10.10 

This  decline,  which  is  probably  only  temporary,  should  be  considered 
in  connection  with  all  tables  of  average  lumber  prices  or  stumpage 
values  based  thereon. 

Table  58  shows  the  increase  in  value  of  boards  of  the  same  grade  with 
the  increase  in  the  diameter  of  the  log  from  which  they  were  cut.  This 
is  due  to  a  wide  board  having  a  higher  price  than  a  narrow  board  of 
the  same  grade.  These  data  were  computed  for  upper  as  well  as  for 
lower  logs,  and  as  the  greatest  difference  in  the  value  of  any  one  grade 
was  found  to  be  less  than  two  per  cent,  the  two  sets  of  figures  were 
combined.  By  multiplying  the  amounts  of  different  grades  obtained 
from  logs  and  trees  of  different  diameters  (Tables  55,  56  and  57)  by 
the  respective  values  of  these  grades  (Table  58)  the  values  of  trees  of 
different  diameters  were  obtained  (Tables  59  to  64).  It  is  possible  to 
obtain  from  this  the  value  per  1,000  board  feet  of  logs  of  different 
diameters  of  each  grade.  Table  56  was  obtained  from  data  in  Table  55, 
which  is  derived  from  the  mill  cut. 

The  stands  of  the  future,  which  will  be  managed  for  the  production 
of  sawtimber,  will  as  a  rule  be  cut  between  the  ages  of  40  and  70  years. 
On  some  of  the  best  sites  where  thinnings  are  possible  cutting  may  be 
as  early  as  25  years.  It  is  consequently  necessary  to  give  full  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  composition,  volume  and  value  of  such  stands  only. 
This  is  contained  in  Tables  55,  56,  57  which  have  already  been  given  and 
in  Tables  59  to  64. 

Tables  59  to  61  give  the  comparative  volumes  on  different  quality 
sites  of  trees  of  different  diameters  in  40  to  50-year  old  stands,  band- 


*See  page  100. 


'LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


121 


sawed  1-7-inch  kerf,  circular  sawed  i/i-inch  kerf  and  scaled  by  Doyle- 
Scribner  rule ;  the  value  f .  o.  b.  Norfolk,  Virginia,  of  lumber  sawed  from 
trees,  and  the  stumpage  value  per  tree  under  different  costs  of  operation 
calculated  on  the  basis  of  actual  contents  and  Doyle-Scribner  rule. 
Tables  62  to  64  give  the  same  data  for  trees  in  stands  60  to  70  years 
old.  The  salient  feature  in  these  tables  is  the  value  per  1,000  board  feet 
of  the  lumber  from  different  sized  trees  and  the  value  of  their  stumpage 
as  derived  from  the  value  of  the  lumber.  Under  a  high  cost  of  opera- 
tion the  stumpage  value  per  1,000  board  feet  more  than  doubles  when 
the  diameter  doubles.  For  a  discussion  of  the  three  costs  of  operation 
($11,  $13,  and  $15),  and  the  import  of  stumpage  value  under  Doyle- 
Scribner  scale  and  mill  cut  see  page  137. 

TABLE  58.— THE  F.  O.  B.  VALUE  (!ST  QUARTER,  1913)  PER  1,000  BOARD  FEET,  AT  POINTS  WHICH 
HAVE  THE  NORFOLK  PRICE  BASIS,  OF  DIFFERENT  GRADES  OF  LUMBER  SAWED  FROM  Loos  OF  DIF- 
FERENT DIAMETERS. 


Diameter 
inside  of 
bark  at  small 
end  of  log 

Inches 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

Box 

Red  heart 
and  cull 

Value  per  1,000  board  feet 

5 

$  29  .00 

$  25  .00 

$  19.00 

$  15  .00 

$  13.00 

6 

29.00 

25.00 

19.00 

15.00 

13.00 

7 

29.00 

25.00 

19.00 

15.00 

13.00 

8 

29.10 

25.10 

19.20 

15.20 

13.20 

9 

29.40 

25.30 

19.50 

15.50 

13.60 

10 

29.80 

25.50 

19.80 

15.80 

14.20 

11 

30.50 

25.90 

20.20 

16.30 

15.00 

12 

31.00 

26.60 

20.50 

17.00 

16.00 

13 

31.40 

26.60 

20.80 

17.10 

16.20 

14 

'  32  .30 

27.00 

20.80 

17.20 

16.20 

15 

32.70 

27.20 

20.80 

17.30 

16.40 

16 

33.50 

27.60 

20.80 

17.40 

16.60 

17 

34.00 

27.80 

20.80 

17.50 

16.70 

18 

34.00 

27.90 

20.90 

17.50 

16.70 

19 

34.00 

28.00 

20.90 

17.50 

16.70 

20 

34.20 

28.00 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

21 

34.20 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

22 

34.20 

•   28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

23 

34.20 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

24 

34.30 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

25 

34.30 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

26 

34.30 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

27 

34.30 

28.10 

20.90 

17.60 

16.80 

122 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


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128  LOBLOLLY  OK  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 

The  increase  in  the  proportion  of  the  higher  grades  in  the  tree  with 
increased  diameter  is  influenced  by  several  conditions,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  which  are  (1)  the  density  of  the  stand,  (2)  the  quality  site,  and 
(3)  the  rate  of  growth  and  the  age  of  stand. 

Influence  of  Density  of  Stand. 

The  proportion  of  different  grades  in  trees  of  different  diameters  as 
given  in  Tables  55,  56  and  57  applies  only  to  fully  stocked  stands  on 
forest  soils  or  at  least  not  to  upland  old  fields.  As  the  stands  be- 
come more  open,  more  limbs  and  larger  knots  develop  on  the  trees  with 
consequent  increase  in  the  proportion  of  lower  grades  in  them.  (Plates 
III  and  IV.) 

Influence  of  Quality  Site. 

The  wood  of  trees  of  loblolly  pine  grown  on  poorer  quality  sites  gen- 
erally is  worth  more  per  1,000  board  feet  than  that  from  younger  domi- 
nant trees  of  the  same  diameter  and  height  on  a  good  quality  site.  This 
is  due  to  the  more  thorough  cleaning  of  the  stem,  the  smaller  size  of  the 
knots,  and  less  taper;  knots,  however,  are  more  numerous  in  the  upper 
logs  and  there  are  fewer  clear  logs  in  the  tree,  since  the  length  of  mer- 
chantable stem  is  shorter.  This  is  shown  by  Table  65,  which  gives  the 
value  per  1,000  board  feet  of  the  stumpage  of  trees  growing  on  different 
quality  sites  at  different  ages.  By  referring  to  Table  16  it  is  seen  that 
at  the  age  of  the  same  average  diameter  the  stumpage  of  the  stand  on  the 
poorer  quality  site  is  more  valuable.  With  a  marked  difference  in  the 
heights  of  the  trees  of  the  same  diameter,  however,  the  shorter  bodied 
tree  will  have  a  larger  proportion  of  crown  and  consequently  a  higher 
proportion  of  the  common  grades  and  a  lower  average  value  for  the 
lumber.  (Plates  X,  A  and  X,  B.) 


The  clean  bodied  and  slow  growing  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees 
of  a  given  diameter  in  an  old  stand  yield  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
higher  grades  of  lumber  than  dominant  trees  of  the  same  diameter  and 
height  in  younger  stands  on  this  same  site.  (Plates  IX,  A,  and  IX,  B, 
also  Plates  XYI  and  XVII.)  Tables  59  to  64  show  the  value  of 
lumber  sawed  from  trees  of  the  same  diameter  and  approximately  the 
same  height  on  an  average  in  45  and  65-year  old  stands.  The  trees 
above  14  inches  in  diameter  in  the  45-year  old  age  stand  (Quality  I) 
are  dominant.  Trees  from  14  to  18  inches  in  diameter  in  the  65-year 
old  age  stand  (Quality  I)  are  intermediate.  There  is  a  difference  of 
about  $2  per  1,000  board  feet  in  the  value  of  the  lumber  at  Norfolk. 
Since  the  cost  of  operation  is  the  same  for  producing  lumber  from  trees 
of  the  same  size,  this  difference  results  in  a  higher  stumpage  for  the  older 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


129 


stand  (Tables  62,  63,  and  64).  These  tables  also  show  a  greater  value 
of  the  wood  from  old  trees,  the  diameters  and  heights  of  the  trees  being 
the  same. 

In  old  field  stands  on  dry  soils  the  trees  are  of  very  rapid  growth, 
contain  coarse  knots,  and  most  of  them  are  dominant.  (Plate  III.) 
For  these  reasons  the  yield  of  lower  grades  of  lumber  is  also  larger  than 
in  the  more  crowded  and  usually  somewhat  slower  growing  stands  on 
forest  soils.  Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  lumber  which  is  cut  from  stands 
35  to  50  years  old  growing  on  the  poorer  old  field  sites  is  of  box  grade; 
ten  per  cent,  No.  3 ;  and  the  balance,  largely  bark  strips,  cull,  and  No.  2. 
This  does  not  apply,  however,  to  dense  old  field  stands  on  moist  sites. 

TABLE  65. — APPROXIMATE  VALUE  PER  1,000  BOARD  FEET  F.  O.  B.  NORFOLK,  VA.,  OF  KILN-DRIED* 
LUMBER  SAWED  FROM  WELL  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  AGES  GROWING 
ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES;  BAND-SAWED  1-7  INCH  KERF;  FIRST  QUARTER,  1913,  PRICES.! 


Age  of 
stand 

Years 

Value  per  1,000  board  feet,  f.  o.  b.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  of  lumber  from  quality  site 

I 

II 

III 

20 
30 
40 

$  15.50 
15.60 
16.05 

$                    

$  

15.50 
15.85 

15.50 

50 

17.30 

16.55 

15.90 

60 

18.80 

17.85 

17.00 

70 

20.70 

19.75 

18.45 

80 

22.05 

21.10 

19.80 

The  average  tree  being  cut  in  the  Norfolk  district  is  about  14  inches 
in  diameter,  Quality  Site  II,  cutting  to  7-inch  breasthigh  diameter. 
Such  a  tree  (in  the  present  open  stands)  would  be  about  55  years  old 
and  in  first  quarter  1913  would  have  had  a  stumpage  value  under  an 
operating  cost  of  $14  per  1,000  board  feet,  of  about  $3.05  per  1,000 
board  feet  mill  cut  or  allowing  for  over  run  of  30  per  cent  above  log 
scale,  a  stumpage  value  of  $3.85  based  on  the  Doyle-Scribner  scale,  which 
was  close  to  the  general  price  for  average  stumpage  in  the  Norfolk  dis- 
trict in  the  latter  part  of  1912  and  first  half  of  1913. 

•Air  dried  circular-sawed  lumber  would  be  about  $1.00  per  1,000  board  feet  lower, 
fjuly  1914  prices  are  about  $1.50  per  1,000  board  feet  lower. 


130 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  66. — APPROXIMATE  VALUE  PER  1,000  BOARD  FEET  OF  STUMPAGE  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  IN  STANDS 
OF  DIFFERENT  AGES  AND  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES,  BASED  ON  THE  F.  O.  B.,  NORFOLK,  VA., 
VALUES  OF  LUMBER  GIVEN  IN  TABLE  65  AND  VALUED  ON  MILL  CUT  BAND-SAWED  1-7  INCH  SAW 
KERF  (FIRST  QUARTER,  1913). 


Quality  site  I 

Quality  site  II 

Quality  site  III 

Age  of 
stand 

Value  of  stumpage  per  1,000  board  feet  under  operating  costs  of 

$11 

$13 

$15 

$11 

$13 

$15 

$11 

$13 

$15 

20 

$  4.50 

$  2.50 

$  0.50 

$  

$_  

$  

$  

$  

J     

30 

4.60 

2.60 

.60 

4.50 

2.50 

.50 

4.50 

2.50 

.50 

40 

5.05 

3.05 

1.05 

4.85 

2.85 

.85 

4.50 

2.50 

.50 

50 

6.30 

4.30 

2.30 

5.55 

3.55 

1.55 

4.90 

2.90 

.90 

60 

7.80 

5.80 

3.80 

6.85 

4.85 

2.85 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

70 

9.70 

7.70 

5.70 

8.75 

6.75 

4.75 

7.45 

5.45 

3.45 

80 

11.05 

9.05 

7.05 

10.10 

8.10 

6.10 

8.80 

6.80 

4.80 

While  the  stumpage  values  given  in  Table  66  for  stands  above  60 
years  old,  especially  those  on  Quality  Site  I  seem  high,  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  they  are  for  timber  in  fully  stocked  stands  which  at  such 
ages  contain  many  long-bodied  trees  more  than  25  inches  in  diameter, 
and  which  yield  a  much  larger  proportion  of  upper  grades  than  average 
stands  now  being  operated. 

These  stumpage  values  are  based  on  mill-cut,  band-sawed  1-7-inch  kerf. 
Stumpage  is  bought,  however,  on  the  basis  of  Doyle-Scribner  log  scale. 
Consequently  the  value  of  commercial  stumpage  for  any  one  age  class 
would  be  greater  than  that  given  by  the  amount  of  the  mill  overrun 
above  the  Doyle-Scribner  scale  for  the  average  tree  in  this  age  class. 
The  mill  overrun  declines  from  about  40  per  cent  for  stands  in  which 
the  average  tree  has  a  breasthigh  diameter  of  8  inches  to  10  per  cent 
when  the  average  tree  becomes  17  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh. 
Since  there  has  been  a  decline  of  more  than  $1.50  per  1,000  board  feet, 
mill  run,  in  the  value  of  lumber  (July  1,  1914)  after  these  computations 
were  made  in  the  first  quarter  of  1913,  their  stumpage  values  must  be 
correspondingly  reduced  to  adapt  them  to  current  lumber  prices. 

With  the  same  cost  of  operation  if  lumber  is  cut  with  a  circular  saw 
i/4-inch  kerf  the  value  of  stumpage  would  be  15  per  cent  less  than  that 
given  in  Table  66  if  the  cost  of  operation  and  the  selling  price  of  the 
land  were  the  same. 

The  figures  in  Table  66  show  that  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  develop- 
ment of  a  stand  there  is  a  very  rapid  increase  in  the  value  of  its  stump- 
age,  preceded  by  a  period  of  slow  increase  and  followed  by  a  period  of 
slow  increase.  So  long  as  a  number  of  sound  trees  in  the  stand  con- 
tinue to  pass  from  nonmerchantable  to  merchantable  diameters  (Table 
42)  the  rate  of  increase  in  price  of  stumpage  is  retarded.  As  soon, 
however,  as  all  the  trees  have  entered  merchantable  size,  rapid  increase 
in  average  diameter  begins  to  take  place  through  the  elimination  of  the 


LOBLOLLY    OE    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


131 


smallest  trees  by  overcrowding,  and  this  is  accompanied  by  a  rapid 
increase  in  price  which  continues  until  all  widths  of  boards  and  all 
grades  of  lumber  are  represented  in  the  stand,  after  which  the  rate  of 
increase  in  price  rapidly  declines,  although  some  increase  in  price  con- 
tinues so  long  as  diameter  growth  takes  place  and  the  trees  remain 
sound. 

Table  67  gives  the  value  per  cubic  foot  of  the  wood  of  trees  of  loblolly 
pine  of  different  diameters  under  different  costs  of  operation  in  stands 
45  to  65  years  old.  By  the  time  the  tree  has  attained  a  diameter  of  21 
inches  the  period  of  most  rapid  increase  in  value  has  been  passed. 

TABLE  67.— STUMPAGE  VALUE  PER  CUBIC  FOOT  OP  STEMWOOD  OP  TREES  OP  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIP- 
FERENT  DIAMETERS  IN  STANDS  45  TO  65  YEARS  OLD  BASED  ON  VA.LUE  FOR  SAWTIMBER 


Diameter 

Operating  expenses  per  1,000  board  feet 

Breast- 
high 

$11 

$13 

$15 

Inches 

Quality  II* 

8 

$0.015 

$0.01 

$0.003 

9 

.02 

.011 

.003 

10 

.021 

.012 

.004 

11 

.022 

.013 

.005 

12 

.024 

.016 

.007 

13 

.026 

.017 

.008 

14 

.031 

.021 

.012 

15 

.038 

.027 

.016 

18 

.056 

.045 

.031 

21 

.07 

.058 

.054 

25 

.079 

.068 

.055 

*The  wood  of  trees  of  Quality  I  except  of  small  diameters  has  a  slightly  higher  value  than  that  of 
Quality  II,  and  that  of  trees  of  Quality  III  a  slightly  lower  value. 

The  subsequent  rate  of  increase  in  value  is  much  slower.  Younger 
stands  have  less  values  per  cubic  foot  than  those  given.  In  stands  20 
years  old,  an  8-inch  tree  under  a  $13  cost  of  operation,  would  have 
a  value  of  about  $.002  per  cubic  foot;  in  a  30-year  old  stand  a  value  of 
about  $.005  per  cubic  foot.  Larger  trees  would  increase  in  value  pro- 
portionately with  the  value  given. 

INCREASE  IN  STUMPAGE  PRICE. 

Increase  in  volume  and  grade  take  place  in  a  uniform  manner  with 
growth.  Increase  in  utilization  is  dependent  upon  trade  demand.  The 
lowering  of  grades  likewise  meets  trade  conditions  and  can  not  be  used 
as  an  investment  factor.  The  increase  in  price  of  stumpage  while  fixed 
by  supply  and  demand  and  subject  to  temporary  fluctuations,  is  generally 
constant  although  at  a  progressively  declining  rate.  Table  74  shows 
the  rate  of  increase  in  thg  value  of  stumpage  as  purchased  by  mills  dur- 
ing the  past  two  decades,  and  the  probable  increase  in  value  during  the 


132 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


next  two  decades.  While  the  table  shows  the  actual  increase  in  the 
value  of  commercial  stumpage,  it  by  no  means  shows  the  increase  in 
the  value  of  stumpage  held  as  an  investment,  for  the  reason  that  the  log- 
ging standards  have  decreased. 

In  1893  lumber  from  the  present  commercial  tree  was  worth  $11.45 
per  1,000  board  feet.  In  1913,  on  the  basis  of  the  same  utilization,  it 
was  wtfrth  $20.81  per  1,000  board  feet.  With  an  operating  cost  of  $11 
in  1893,  stumpage  was  worth  45  cents;  with  an  operating  cost  of 
$13.75  in  1913,  stumpage  of  the  same  kind  is  worth  $7.06  per  1,000 
board  feet. 

The  following  list  prices  of  the  North  Carolina  Pine  Association  for 
1899  to  1911  inclusive,  and  actual  reported  sales  to  the  Association  for 
April  and  May,  1912,  June,  1913,  and  June,  1914,  of  different  grades 
4/4  edge  below  12  inches,  f.o.b.  Norfolk,  Va.,  show  the  general  tendency 
towards  higher  prices  of  North  Carolina  Pine  lumber  during  the  past  25 
years : 


Year 

Prices  f.  o.  b.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  of 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4  or  box 

1889 

$  15.00 

$  13.00 

$  9.50 

$  7.50 

1890 

15.00 

13.00 

9.50 

7.50 

1891 

15.25 

13.00 

9.50 

7.75 

1892 

15.75 

13.25 

9.50 

8.25 

1893 

15.50 

13.50 

9.50 

8.50 

1894 

14.50 

13.00 

9.50 

8.50 

1895 

13.75 

12.25 

9.25 

8.25 

1896 

13.75 

12.00 

9.00 

7.75 

1897 

13.65 

11.75 

9.00 

7.75 

1898 

14.60 

13.00 

10.00 

8.25 

1899 

18.00 

16.25 

12.75 

11.00 

1900 

20.00 

18.00 

14.00 

12.00 

1901 

20.00 

18.00 

13.25 

11.25 

1902 

20.00 

18.00 

13.00 

11.50 

1903 

20.00 

18.00 

13.50 

12.25 

1904 

22.00 

18.50 

14.50 

12.50 

1905 

27.50 

24.00 

19.50 

14.75 

1906 

30.00 

28.00 

21.50 

16.50 

1907 

27.50 

25  .50       , 

17.50 

14.75 

1908 

27  .00 

24.00 

17.50 

13.50 

1909 

27.00 

24.00 

17.50 

13.50 

1910 

27.00 

24.00 

17.50 

13.50 

1911 

27.00 

24.00 

17.50 

14.00 

1912 

25.99 

23.57 

17.67 

15.75 

1913 

28.45 

25.60 

19.17 

15.89 

1914 

25.81 

23.23 

16.06 

13.30 

Price  list  prices  generally  were  from  $0.50  to  $1.50  higher  than  actual 
sales,  consequently  the  increase  has  actually  been  greater  than  the 
upward  trend  of  the  figures  would  seem  to  indicate. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


133 


TABLE  68.— PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  IN  UTILIZATION  AND  PER  CENT  OP  INCREASE  IN  THE  VALUE  OF 
STCMPAQE  BY  DECADES  1893  TO  1903  AND  1913,  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  TIMBER,  NORFOLK  DISTRICT.* 

(South  of  the  Roanoke  River  the  average  log  and  tree  are  larger  but  freight  rates  are  higher.) 


Grades  —  Kiln-dried 

Norfolk,  Va.,  prices 

1891-1893 

1901-1903 

1911-1913 

Price 
per 
1,000 
bd.  ft. 

Per 
cent 
of 
grades 

Price 
per 
1,000 
bd.  ft. 

Per 
cent 
of 
grades 

Price 
per 
1,000 
bd.  ft. 

Per 
cent 
of 
grades 

No.  1  Edge  under  12  inches 

$  15.25 
13.15 
9.00 
8.00 
9.00f 
3.00t 
6.00 

29 
26 
19 
17 
2 
1 
6 

$  20.00 
18.00 
13.25 
11.75 
ll.OOf 
5.00f 
8.50f 

18 
18 
21 
33 
3 
3 
4 

S  26.00 
23.00 
17.50 
16.50 
19.00 
11.00 
14.50 

7.5 
7.5 
17.0 
61.0 
3.0 
3.0 
1.0 

No.  2  Edge  under  12  inches 

No.  3  Edge  under  12  inches 

Nos.  1  and  2  bark  strips  .  . 

Box  bark  strips^                     -       -  - 

Cull  and  red  heart§ 

(a)  Value  mill  run  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk, 
per  1,000  board  feet  

$  11.45 

$  14.32 

$  17.77 

(b)     Diameter  of  average  tree  .        20 

inches             18  inches            14  inches 
bd.  ft.          250  bd.  ft.          100  bd.  ft. 
bd.  ft.          230  bd.  ft.           100  bd.  ft. 

(c)    Volume  Doyle-Scribner  according  to  present 
utilization       .              .              .  .                               420 

(d)    Volume  as  actually  utilized  (common  logs  not 
utilized)....                                                                  360 

90 .4  per  cent 
54  per  cent 
70  bd.  ft. 
$14 .32 
10 


100  per  cent 
58  per  cent 
32  bd.  ft. 
$17.77 
25 


(j) 
(k) 
(D 


$12.10 
2.22 
2.03 


$13.75 
4.02 
4.02 


(e)  Per  cent  of  past  utilization  on  basis  of  present 

utilization  (d-j-c) 85.7  per  cent 

(f)  Per  cent  of  length  of  tree  utilized 50  per  cent 

(g)  Volume  of  average  log 110  bd.  ft. 

(a)    Value  f.  o.  b.,  Norfolk,  per  1,000  board  feet $11.45 

(h)    Per  cent  of  increase  in  operating  costa  over  1892 

(i)     Operating  costs  per  1,000  board  feet,  including 

profits  and  freight  to  establish  Norfolk  price 

parity. !.. .$11.00 

Stumpage  value  of  utilized  timber  per  1,000 

board  feet  (a— i). 45 

Stumpage  value  based  on  total  content  of  tree 

GXe) 39 

Annual  rate  increase  in  stumpage  value  based 

on  used  portion  of  tree  (j) 1892  to  1902  17  percent;  1902  to  1912  6.3  per  cent 

(m)  Annual   rate   of   increase   in   stumpage   value 

based  on  total  content  of  tree  (k) 1892  to  1902  18.4  per  cent;  1902  to  1912  7  per  cent 

(n)    Decline  in  rate  of  increase  between  1902  and 

1912  (total  content) 260  per  cent 

(o)    Probable  rate  of  increase  in  stumpage  value 

for  the  next  20  years 2.7  per  cent  a  year. 

(p)    Stumpage  value  14-inch  trees  in  1923  based  on 

this  rate  of  increase 15 .19  per  1,000  board  feet 

(q)    Stumpage  value  14-inch  trees  in  1933  based  on 

this  rate  of  increase $6-78  per  1,000  board  feet 

However,  if  the  current  rate  of  increase  during  the  past  decade  (7  per  cent)  shall  continue  for  the 
next  10  years,  the  price  of  stumpage  in  1923  will  be  $7.65  per  1,000  board  feet. 


•Groups  of  three  years  taken  to  avoid  abnormal  fluctuations  in  prices. 

tApproximate  prices  furnished  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Roper,  Secretary  North  Carolina  Pine  Association. 

JBark  strips  were  rarely  saved  prior  to  1900. 

IThere  was  a  large  proportion  of  red  heart  and  cull  in  the  early  period  on  account  of  many  of  the 
very  large  trees  being  very  defective.  Small  trees  now  being  cut  are  seldom  old  enough  to  have  a 
large  proportion  of  red  heart,  and  have  few  large  knots.  A  large  proportion  of  the  red  heart  output 
of  some  mills  comes  from  the  pocoson  pine. 


134  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


INCREASE   IN    UTILIZATION. 

Table  68  shows  (e)  the  per  cent  of  increase  in  the  utilization  of  the 
tree  during  the  past  twenty  years.  There  is  still  some  additional  utiliza- 
tion possible,  but  largely  at  the  expense  of  further  reduction  in  grade. 
Small  trees  are  used  very  closely  in  the  tops.  The  heavy  limbed  top 
log  of  large  trees  is  seldom  used,  however,  on  account  of  the  numerous 
and  very  large  knots  more  than  2  inches  in  diameter  and  the  high  cost 
of  cutting  off  the  large  limbs.  The  use  of  clear  slabs  at  the  mills  for 
laths  is  general.  There  is  the  possibility  of  using  knotty  slabs  by  resaw- 
ing  on  a  horizontal  band  saw  and  cutting  out  between  the  knots  for 
heading  or  crate  stock  and  such  uses.  There  is  also  the  possibility  of 
using  very  knotty  tops  and  limbs  for  chemical  wood  pulp,  but  this  can 
be  effected  only  at  large,  expensive  and  centrally  located  plants.  Since 
1906,  when  Mr.  George  W.  Eoper  called  the  attention  of  the  North 
Carolina  Pine  Association  to  the  waste  in  cutting  all  lumber  in  even 
lengths  12  feet  or  over,  there  has  been  a  beneficial  change  in  this  respect, 
even  lengths  of  8  feet  or  more  now  being  cut.  It  will  be  necessary,  how- 
ever, both  to  take  odd  lengths  and  to  use  pieces  shorter  than  8  feet  in 
order  to  secure  complete  woods'  utilization  of  the  stem  and  to  further 
reduce  the  mill  waste. 

MANAGEMENT. 

So  long  as  there  was  an  unlimited  supply  of  virgin  forests,  the  pro- 
tection of  young  or  old  timber  and  close  utilization  of  forest  were  not 
essential.  At  present,  when  approximately  three-fourths  of  the  annual 
cut  of  loblolly  pine  is  obtained  from  cut-over  land  and  is  either  the 
product  of  young  growth  or  of  small  trees  which  were  left  at  the  pre- 
vious cutting,  there  is  need  for  a  change  in  the  methods  of  handling  the 
forest. 

In  its  present  condition  a  great  portion  of  the  timberland  is  producing 
less  than  one-half  of  the  amount  of  timber  that  it  should,  and  much  less 
than  one-half  of  the  net  income  of  which  it  is  capable.  The  stands 
are  not  fully  stocked.  Much  of  the  timber,  moreover,  is  short-bodied 
and  knotty,  and  yields  inferior  grades  of  logs.  With  a  lower  yield 
per  acre,  the  cost  of  logging  is  increased.  If  railroad  construction 
amounts  to  50  cents  per  thousand  board  feet  with  a  stand  of  3,000  feet 
per  acre,  its  cost  will  be  only  25  cents  per  thousand  by  doubling  the  cut 
per  acre,  while  the  costs  of  milling,  felling,  and  loading  decrease  progres- 
sively as  the  contents  of  the  logs  increase. 

Well  stocked  loblolly  pine  stands  are  capable  of  producing  annually 
more  than  300  board  feet  per  acre.  On  the  best  soils  the  production  on 
large  tracts  should  be  500  board  feet  per  acre  a  year,  and  on  the  poorest 
soils,  not  less  than  150  feet.  The  maintenance  costs,  taxes,  and  interest 
are  practically  as  high  on  half-stocked  woodland  as  on  fully  stocked, 
while  the  net  earning  capacity  is  more  than  twice  as  great  in  the 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA   PINE.  135 

case  of  the  fully  stocked  land.  Moreover,  the  earning  capacity  of 
the  soil  can  be  largely  increased,  though  not  to  the  full  possibilities, 
with  slight  additional  cost.  It  is  largely  a  question  of  (1)  regulating 
cutting,  (2)  adequate  protection  for  young  growth  from  fires  for  fifteen 
years  after  lumbering,  and  (3)  closer  utilization. 

Few  eastern  American  trees  offer  better  and  quicker  returns  under 
management  and  protection  than  the  loblolly  pine.  It  has  the  following 
advantages : 

(a)  It  is  a  tree  of  rapid  growth,  especially  in  its  youth. 

(b)  It  attains  merchantable  dimensions  at  an  early  age,  making  pos- 
sible the  realization  of  early  financial  returns. 

(c)  It  seeds  abundantly  and  at  an  early  age;  with  proper  protection 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  securing  on  most  soils  thorough  regeneration 
after  logging. 

(d)  On  account  of  the  large  use  of  small  timber  for  fuel  and  for  cross 
ties,  when  logging  with  steam  railroads,  there  is  an  excellent  opportunity 
on  large  tracts  for  occasional  improvement  cutting  at  no  cost,  for  better- 
ing the  condition  of  the  forest  and  placing  it  on  a  higher  earning  basis. 
It  is  also  possible  in  many  places  and  in  many  types  of  forest  to  make 
thinnings  economically,  since  logs  even  of  the  smallest  sizes,  from  5  to  6 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  small  end,  can  be  profitably  used  when  the  cost 
of  operation  is  not  too  high. 

(e)  This  pine  forms  in  many  places  pure  even-aged  forests,  which 
make  logging  and  administration  inexpensive. 

Under  this  caption  the  management  of  loblolly  will  be  discussed  as  to 
the  most  profitable  age  and  size  at  which  to  cut,  the  reduction  of  waste  in 
logging,  the  methods  of  cutting  to  secure  natural  restocking  and  thin- 
ning. 

MOST  PROFITABLE  AGE  AND  SIZE  AT  WHICH  TO  CUT. 

Mixed  Stands. 

In  mixed  stands  of  loblolly  pine  and  hardwoods,  in  which  culling  or 
cutting  to  a  diameter  limit  can  be  practiced,  the  most  profitable  trees 
to  cut  can  be  determined  by  the  rate  with  which  they  increase  in  value. 
When  the  rate  of  increase  in  value  declines  to  six  per  cent,  the  tree  can 
be  considered  financially  mature.  This  is  not,  however,  a  six  per 
cent  investment  as  the  rate  is  not  reckoned  on  the  investment  value 
of  the  property  as  a  whole  but  merely  on  the  current  value  of  the 
tree.  Since  the  rate  of  increase  in  value  during  the  earlier  part  of  its 
life  is  much  higher  than  six  per  cent,  and  since  in  addition  there  is  a 
constant  appreciation  in  the  value  of  stumpage  through  the  increase  in 
the  price  of  lumber,  the  average  rate  of  increase  in  value  during  the  two 
decades  preceding  cutting  is  higher  than  six  per  cent.  From  this  rate, 
however,  are  to  be  deducted  taxes,  the  cost  of  protection  and  admin- 
istration charges.  Table  69  gives  the  rate  per  cent  of  increase  in 
value  of  trees  of  loblolly  pine  on  Quality  I  sites  in  culled  hardwood 
swamps. 


136 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  69. — RATE  PER  CENT  OP  INCREASE  IN  VALUE  OF  DOMINANT  AND  INTERMEDIATE  TREES  OF 
LOBLOLLY  PINE  IN  MIXED  CULLED  STANDS  ON  GOOD  SITES.  (VALUE  BASED  ON  LUMBER  BAND- 
SAWED.) 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 

Approximate  time 
required  to  grow  an 
inch  in  diameter, 
breasthigh—  Years 

Approximate  stumpage 
value  per  tree  under 
a  cost  of  operation 
of  $13  per  1,000  board 
feet 

Rate  of 
increase  in  value  in 
growing  to  next  inch 
diameter  class  —  Per  cent 

10 

4 

$  0.22 

11.5 

11 

4 

.34 

11.2 

12 

5 

.52 

7.9 

13 

5 

.76 

7.1 

14 

5 

1.09 

6.9 

15 

6 

1.49 

4.8 

16 

6 

1.92 

4.5 

17 

8 

2.57 

3.2 

18 

10 

3.30 

2.4 

19 

4.37 

Trees  should  be  cut,  therefore,  when  they  are  between  14  and  15 
inches  in  diameter  breasthigh,  at  which  size  thein  rate  of  increase  in 
value  (neglecting  increase  in  price)  becomes  equal  to  the  current  inter- 
est rate.  If  held  to  a  large  diameter,  the  rate  of  increase  declines  below 
the  current  rate  at  which  the  money  invested  in  the  tree  could  be  loaned. 
If  the  value  is  based  on  the  contents  by  the  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  the  rate 
of  increase  in  value  declines  to  six  per  cent  at  the  same  size.  By  cut- 
ting at  this  diameter  there  will  be  about  14  logs  to  1,000  board  feet  by 
Doyle-Scribner  rule  and  the  average  f.  o.  b.  Norfolk  value  of  the  log 
run  output  will  be  about  $20.50  per  1,000  board  feet. 

Pure  Even-aged  Stands  for  Saw  Timber. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  landowner  the  age  at  which  loblolly  pine 
stands  yield  annually  the  highest  net  profits,  or  the  largest  average  per 
cent  of  profit  on  the  investment  is  the  most  important  consideration. 
The  determination  of  the  net  profits  must  take  into  consideration  the 
value  of  the  soil,  the  interest  on  it  for  the  period  of  the  investment, 
and  the  annual  expenditures  for  taxes,  supervision  and  protection  of  the 
property,  and  the  yearly  compounded  interest  on  these  various  items. 
The  sum  of  these  expenses  determines  the  cost  of  production. 

In  determining  the  value  of  standing  timber  at  a  given  age  it  is 
assumed  that  the  present  grades  of  lumber  will  remain  the  same  and  the 
prices  will  not  decline.  However,  since  stumpage  values  are  not  abso- 
lute, but  vary  with  the  cost  of  logging  and  the  freight  rates  to  the  near- 
est general  market,  it  is  necessary  to  base  calculations  on  a  reasonable 
range  of  stumpage  values.  In  applying  the  figures  it  is  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  select  the  table  in  which  the  elements  of  cost  are  nearest  to  the 
actual  conditions.  Since  Norfolk,  Virginia,  is  the  chief  distributing 
market  for  North  Carolina  pine  lumber,  all  costs  of  operation  are 
figured  in  relation  to  the  Norfolk  prices,  with  a  sufficient  allowance  to 


N.  0.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   XIV. 


Stand  50  to  60  years  old,  Quality  II,  on  permanent  loblolly  pine  site,  which  was  culled  of  the  dominant  trees 
fifteen  years  ago.  This  stand,  consequently,  is  formed  of  the  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees  of 
the  original  stand,  which  accounts  for  the  very  clean  and  slender  stems.  Under  a  better  method  of 
cutting,  this  stand  would  have  produced  at  this  time  35,000  board  feet  to  the  acre,  the  average  log 
being  45  feet  D.-S.  and  yielding  more  than  60  per  cent  No.  3  grade  lumber  and  better.  Desirable 
type  of  seed  trees  marked  "S."  (Author's  illustration.) 


X.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  XV. 


Unthinned  stand  80  years  old,  Quality  II,  on  permanent  loblolly  pine  site,  in  process  of  lumbering.  Although 
of  good  size,  the  upper  logs  are  prevailingly  knotty.  This  stand  would  have  been  benefited  by  the 
removal  of  the  dominant  trees  25  to  30  years  ago.  Scale  of  average  log  about  50  feet,  D.-S.  Such 
a  stand  will  yield  30  per  cent  of  lumber  of  Grades  No.  1  and  No.  2.  Desirable  type  of  seed  trees 
marked  "S."  (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  137 

cover  the  freight  differential  to  establish  Norfolk  parity  in  price.     The 
elements  of  costs  per  1,000  board  feet  in  an  actual  operation  are  as 

follows : 

Logging,  felling,  bucking  and  swamping $3.55 

Railroad  construction    40 

Hauling  to  mill  on  railroad  or  towage 60 

Milling,  drying,  stacking,  and  grading 1.95 

Selling  and  discount 35 

Overhead  charges  (interest,  insurance,  salaries,  taxes,  sink- 
ing fund,  and  profits) 3.60 

Freight  differential  to  establish  Norfolk  price  parity 2.40 


Total  cost  of  operation  per  1,000  feet $12.85 

Some  of  these  items  are  paid  for  on  the  basis  of  the  wood's  scale  and  . 
this  must  be  converted  to  the  mill  cut;  while  there  is  a  credit  in  the 
excess  of  the  mill  cut  above  the  Doyle-Scribner  wood's  scale  which  in  the 
case  of  very  small  timber  may  materially  affect  the  apparent  cost  of  the 
operations.  When  all  woods'  work  is  paid  for  by  the  day  the  stumpage 
and  other  costs  are  based  on  the  direct  output  of  the  mill  using  the  band 
saw  or  circular  saw  table  as  the  case  may  require. 

The  cost  of  operation  in  this  case  would  be  regarded,  in  round  figures, 
as  $13  and  stumpage  values  figured  accordingly. 

To  provide  for  a  wide  range  of  conditions  three  costs  of  operation 
have  been  used:  a  low  cost  at  $11  per  1,000  feet;  a  medium  cost  at  $13; 
and  a  high  cost  at  $15.  The  one  must  be  selected  which  most  nearly 
suits  the  conditions  of  each  individual  case. 

Since  some  of  the  important  factors  of  expense  which  enter  into  the 
cost  of  growing  timber  are  variable,  it  is  impossible  to  make  any  one  set 
of  calculations  which  will  accurately  determine  the  cost  and  profit  in 
producing  loblolly  pine  timber  on  cut-over  lands,  at  all  places  within 
North  Carolina  where  there  is  no  cost  of  stocking.  Consequently  the  cal- 
culations are  made  on  the  basis  of  what  are  assumed  to  be  average  con- 
ditions. A  soil  value  of  $5  an  acre  is  used,  and  a  rate  of  interest  of  six 
per  cent  compounded  is  allowed  on  the  soil  value.  The  increase  in  the 
soil  value  and  the  increase  in  stumpage  price  will  in  part  cover  the  cost 
of  protection  and  taxes.  A  deduction  of  one  per  cent  from  the  rate  of 
profit  added  to  the  increase  in  stumpage  and  soil  values  will  undoubtedly 
more  than  cover  taxes,  protection,  and  administration  charges  within  a 
growing  period  of  fifty  years.  Since  there  is  no  cost  of  stocking  other 
than  protection  and  leaving  seed  trees,  the  initial  investment  is  practi- 
cally limited  to  the  soil  value.  The  growth  of  the  seed  trees,  if  they  are 
carefully  selected,  should  approximately  cover  the  interest  on  their 
initial  value. 

Table  70  shows  on  the  basis  of  Doyle-Scribner  rule  the  rate  of 
interest  yielded  by  fully  stocked  unthinned  stands  of  loblolly  pine  with 
a  soil  value  of  $5  an  acre,  at  different  ages  on  different  quality  sites,  and 


138 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


TABLE  70. — VALUE  OF  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE,  AS  SCALED  BY  DOYLE-SCBIBNEB 
RULE,  AT  DIFFERENT  AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES  AND  UNDER  DIFFERENT  COSTS  OF 
OPERATION;  AND  THE  PER  CENT  OF  INTEREST  ON  AN  INITIAL  INVESTMENT  OF  $5  AN  ACRE 
REPRESENTED  BY  THIS  VALUE. 

Quality  I 


Rate  of 

Rate  of 

Rate  of 

compound 

compound 

compound 

Age  of 
stand 

Operating 
expenses 

interest 
on  an 
investment 

Operating 
expenses 

interest 
on  an 
investment 

Operating 
expenses 

interest 
on  an 
investment 

Years 

$11 

of  $5  an 

$13 

of  $5  an 

$15 

of  $5  an 

acre 

acre 

acre 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

25 

$  33 

8 

$  18 

6.1 

$    4 

30 

74 

9 

42 

7.0 

10 

4.0 

40 

143 

8 

87 

8.0 

30 

5.0 

50 

231 

7 

158 

7.0 

84 

6.0 

60 

326 

7 

243 

6.5 

159 

6.0 

70 

423 

336 

6.1 

249 

4.5 

80 

496 

406 

316 

Quality  II 


25 

$  6 

0.8 

$  3 

$  1 

30 

31 

6.0 

17 

5  0 

3 

40 
50 
60 
70 

80 
132 
193 
267 

7.0 
6.5 
6.3 

47 
84 
136 
206 

6.0 
6.0 
5.5 

14 
37 
80 
145 

3.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.0 

80 

325 

261 

196 

4.5 

Quality  III 


25 

30 

40 

$  27 

4.0 

$  15 

$  3 

50 

61 

5  0 

36 

4  0 

11 

60 
70 

97 
141 

4.5 

65 
103 

4.5 
4.5 

32 
65 

3.5 
4.0 

80 

177 

137 

4.0 

97 

4.0 

with  different  costs  of  operation.  The  less  favorable  the  quality  site,  the 
later  is  the  age  at  which  the  maximum  interest  rate  is  attained.  Like- 
wise, as  the  cost  of  operating  increases  and  stumpage  value  decreases,  the 
period  at  which  the  stand  attains  its  maximum  interest  rate  is  post- 
poned and  the  rate  of  interest  yielded  is  lower. 

On  Quality  I  site  with  operating  costs  of  $11  per  1,000  feet,  the  maxi- 
mum rate,  9  per  cent,  is  obtained  on  the  soil  value  of  $5  an  acre  when 
the  stand  is  30  years  old ;  with  costs  of  $13  per  1,000  feet,  a  maximum 
rate  of  8  per  cent  is  obtained  when  the  stand  is  40  years  old ;  with  costs 
of  $15  per  1,000  feet,  the  maximum  rate  is  6  per  cent  and  is  attained 
when  the  stand  is  50  years  old. 

On  Quality  II  site  the  maximum  interest  rate  on  the  soil  value  of  $5 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


139 


TABLE  71.— STDMPAGE  VALUE  PER  ACRE  OF  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIF- 
FERENT AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES  AND  UNDER  VARIOUS  COSTS  OF  OPERATION;  AND 
THE  RATES  OF  COMPOUND  INTEREST  YIELDED  ON  AN  INITIAL  SOIL  VALUE  OF  $5  AN  ACRE.  BASED 
ON  MILL  CUT  1-7  INCH  SAW  KERF. 

Quality  I 


Age 

Years 

Operating  expenses  per  1,000  board  feet  at 

$11 

$13 

$15 

Gross  rate 
of  compound 

V£ned°f              " 
on  $5 

Value  of 
stand 

Gross  rate 
of  compound 
interest 
yielded 
on  $5 

Value  of 
stand 

Gross  rate 
of  compound 
interest 
yielded 
on  $5 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

20 

$  65 

14 

$36 

11 

$    7 

4.5 

30 

133 

11 

75 

9 

17 

4.0 

40 

193 

8 

116 

8 

40 

4.0 

50 

280 

7 

191 

7 

102 

4.0 

60 

380 

6 

283 

6 

185 

4.0 

70 

500 

5 

397 

5 

294 

4.0 

80 

592 

5 

485 

4 

378 

5.0 

Quality  II 


30 

72 

9 

40 

8 

8 

3 

40 

130 

8 

77 

7 

23 

3 

50 

188 

7 

120 

6 

53 

3 

60 

262 

6 

185 

5 

109 

3 

70 

358 

6 

276 

5 

194 

3 

80 

431 

5 

345 

5 

260 

4 

Quality  III 


30 

32 

7 

18 

5 

4 

2 

40 

76 

7 

42 

6 

8 

2 

50 

113 

5 

67 

5 

21 

2 

60 

161 

4 

107 

4 

54 

2 

70 

218 

4 

159 

4 

101 

3 

80 

271 

4 

209 

4 

148 

3 

an  acre  is  7  per  cent  obtained  from  a  stand  40  years  old  with  operating 
expenses  of  $11  per  1,000  feet;  6  per  cent  from  a  stand  50  years  old 
with  operating  expenses  of  $13  per  1,000  feet;  and  5  per  cent  from  a 
stand  60  years  old  when  the  operating  expenses  are  $15  per  1,000  feet. 

On  Quality  III  site  the  maximum  interest  rate  on  the  soil  value  of 
$5  an  acre  is  5  per  cent  obtained  from  a  stand  50  years  old  when  the 
operating  expenses  are  $11  per  1,000  feet;  4.5  per  cent  from  a  stand  60 
years  old  when  the  operating  expenses  are  $13  per  1,000  feet;  and  4  per 
cent  from  a  stand  70  years  old  when  the  operating  expenses  are  $15 
per  1,000  feet.  Table  71  is  similar  to  Table  70,  but  is  on  the  basis  of 
actual  mill  cut  (1-7-kich  saw  kerf). 


140 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


Pure  Even-aged  Stands  for  Cordwood. 

Cordwood  either  with  or  without  bark  is  chiefly  used  for  fuel,  pulp- 
wood,  crate,  stave  and  heading  stock.  There  is  little,  if  any,  increase 
in  price  with  increase  in  size,  if  small  trees  less  than  6  inches  in  diam- 
eter breasthigh  are  excluded.  In  fixing,  therefore,  the  most  profitable 
age  for  cutting  cordwood  only  the  volume  of  the  stands  and  the  cost  of 
producing  it  need  be  considered.  Table  72  gives  the  age  at  which  cord- 
wood  is  most  cheaply  produced,  assuming  the  value  of  the  land  at  $5 
an  acre  and  an  interest  rate  of  six  per  cent  with  no  expense  for  re- 
stocking or  protection.  The  cheapest  cost  of  production  on  all  quality 
sites  is  when  the  stand  is  between  25  and  30  years  old.  The  yields  at 
this  age  are  given  in  Table  37.  If  cutting  is  done  to  a  larger  diameter 
in  the  top  or  if  knotty  tops  are  excluded,  as  shown  in  discussing  this 
table,  a  deduction  must  be  made  from  the  volume  given  in  Table  37  and 
a  corresponding  increase  made  in  the  cost  of  growing. 

TABLE  72. — COST  OF  GROWING  CORDWOOD  IN  FULLY  STOCKED  STANDS  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  AT  DIF- 
FERENT AGES  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES  ON  LAND  VALUED  AT  $5  AN  ACRE  AND  INTEREST  AT 
Six  PER  CENT. 

STEM  WOOD  ONLY  FROM  TREES  Six  INCHES  AND  OVER  IN  DIAMETER. 


Age  of 
stand 

Value  of  $5 
compounded  at 
6%  for  the 
period,  less 

Cost  of  growing  a  cord  of 
160  cubic  feet,  peeled 

Cost  of  growing  a  standard  cord 
of  128  cubic  feet,  bark  included 

Quality 

Quality 

Years 

investment 

I 

II 

III 

I 

II 

III 

25 

$  16.45 

$  0.50 

$  0.74 

$  1.37 

$  0.26 

$  0.41 

S     .75 

30 

23.65 

.55 

.79 

1.31 

.31 

.44 

.71 

40 

56.40 

.97 

1.34 

2.02 

.59 

.78 

1.13 

50 

'87.10 

2.49 

.83 

1.05 

1.45 

If  reasonably  clear  wood  only  is  used  the  yields  of  the  stands  would 
be  reduced  about  15  per  cent  and  there  would  be  an  increase  of  about 
15  per  cent  in  the  cost  of  growing  the  wood. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


141 


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142  LOBLOLLY    OK    KOKTH    CAKOLINA    PINE. 

Open  Pure  Uneven-aged  Stands. 

The  per  cent  of  increase  in  the  value  of  the  individual  tree  can  also 
be  applied  in  fixing  a  diameter  limit  for  cutting  in  open  pure  or  slightly 
mixed  uneven-aged  stands  or  groups  in  which  the  openness  is  caused 
by  fires  and  unregulated  cutting.  Table  73  gives  the  rate  per  cent  of 
increase  in  value  for  one  inch  increase  in  diameter  of  the  dominant 
trees  in  irregular  open  stands  on  different  quality  sites.  The  diameters 
which  correspond  to  a  six  per  cent  rate  of  increase  are  18  inches  on 
Quality  I,  17  inches  on  Quality  I.I,  and  16  inches  on  Quality  III. 

DETERMINATION    OF   YIELD. 

One  of  the  most  important  problems  in  connection  with  the  proper 
management  of  loblolly  pine  lands  is  the  determination  of  the  yield 
which  could  be  secured  from  a  tract  within  a  definite  period;  or  in  the 
case  of  larger  tracts,  it  might  be  desirable  to  know  the  amount  of  timber 
which  could  be  felled  yearly  to  supply  a  mill  without  lessening  the 
producing  capacity  of  the  forest  during  a  subsequent  period. 

In  the  case  of  small  tracts  which  are  fully  stocked,  the  quality  site 
can  be  ascertained  and  the  yield  determined  from  the  yield  tables  for 
the  class  of  timber  desired,  and  the  age  at  which  it  would  be  necessary 
to  fell. 

In  the  case  of  large  tracts,  not  only  will  it  be  necessary  to  map  and 
determine  the  areas  of  the  different  forest  types  and  quality  sites,  but  to 
indicate  the  age  and  condition  of  each  stand.  Waste  and  unproductive 
land  and  young  stands  from  which  no  yield  can  be  expected  within  the 
period  to  be  considered  should  be  eliminated.  The  productive  lands 
should  be  grouped  according  to  their  growing  capacity,  and  the  quantity 
of  the  material  into : 

1.  Very  open,  pure,  even-aged  stands  in  which  the  trees  are  somewhat 
short-bodied.     The  yield  of  these  stands  can  be  obtained  by  means  of 
Table  73. 

2.  Pure,  even-aged   sapling  and  pole  stands  of  good  density.     The 
yields  of  these  can  be  secured  direct  from  the  yield  tables.     (Tables 
35  to  41.) 

3.  Pure  and  mixed  old  stands.     Growth  is  practically  stationary  in 
such  stands,  such  increment  as  takes  place  in  young  trees  being  bal- 
anced by  the  death  or  decay  of  old  ones. 

4.  Mixed    young    and    middle-aged    stands;    and    pure,    uneven-aged 
stands,  which  usually  have  been  culled,  but  the  trees  in  which  have 
stems  of  nearly  normal  length.     By  means  of  Table  73  it  is  possible 
to  determine  approximately  the  smallest  sized  dominant  trees  of  loblolly 
pine  which  will  attain  merchantable  diameter  by  a  designated  year. 
Trees  of  this  diameter  and  larger  can  be  tallied  on  a  known  percentage 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


143 


of  the  area  by  means  of  strips.  After  obtaining  the  average  number  of 
trees  of  each  diameter  per  acre  the  proportion  of  the  total  area  which  is 
occupied  by  these  trees  can  be  ascertained  by  means  of  Table  74,  which 
which  gives  the  crown  space  in  per  cent  of  an  area  required  for  the 
growth  of  trees  of  different  diameters.  If  these  trees  are  separated  into 
diameter  groups  and  the  diameter  of  the  average  tree  in  each  group 
determined,  the  average  age  of  the  trees  in  each  diameter  group  can  be 
calculated  by  means  of  Tables  42,  43,  and  44.  Knowing  the  quality  site, 
and  the  approximate  age  of  the  groups,  and  the  proportion  each  group 
contributes  to  the  stocking,  it  is  possible,  by  means  of  the  yield  tables  to 
obtain  the  approximate  yield  from  the  subordinate  as  well  as  the  domi- 
nant crown  classes  at  the  period  desired. 

TABLE  74. — CROWN  f  PACE  IN  PER  CENT  or  ACRE  REQUIRED  BY  DOMINANT  TREES  OP  LOBLOLLY 
PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Diameter 
Breasthigh 

Quality  I 

Quality  II 

Quality  III 

Inches 

8 

.0019 

.0027 

.0026 

9 

.0024 

.0037 

.0035 

.10 

.0031 

.0048 

.0045 

11 

.0038 

.0058 

.0055 

12 

.0046 

.0070 

.0065 

13 

.0054 

.0083 

.0080 

14 

.0064 

.0096 

.0096 

15 

.0073 

.0109 

.0109 

16 

.0084 

.0122 

.0122 

17 

.0094 

.0135 

.0135 

18 

.0104 

.0149 

.0149 

19 

'.0115 

.0163 

.0163 

20 
21 

.0127 
.0139 

.0179 
.0195 

.0179 

22 

.0151 

.0212 

23 

.0168 

24 

.0211 

INCREASING    THE    REVENUE    FROM    TIMBERLAND. 

Reducing  Waste  in  Logging. 

A  considerable  source  of  loss  of  timber  is  the  cutting  of  extra  long 
logs.  The  usual  length  of  allowance  is  four  inches  above  the  scale 
length  of  the  log.  Logs  are  frequently  cut,  however,  with  6  or  8  inches 
extra  length.  If  cutting  is  carefully  done  a  3-inch  allowance  is  suf- 
ficient for  logs  less  than  14  inches  in  diameter  and  4  inches  for  logs  of 
larger  diameter. 

Another  source  of  loss  is  in  cutting  extra  high  stumps.  This  is  sel- 
dom done  now,  however,  except  by  contractors,  small  mill  men,  or 
unskilled  farm  laborers,  hired  during  the  winter  months.  As  a  rule, 
stumps  are  cut  as  low  in  loblolly  pine  logging  as  is  possible.  One  rea- 


144 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NOETH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


son  for  this  is  that  the  trees  often  grow  on  small  hillocks  or  mounds, 
which  enables  the  sawyer  to  cut  low  without  too  much  discomfort  in 
stooping.  Some  loggers  require  stumps  of  all  trees  less  than  16  inches 
in  diameter  to  be  less  than  a  foot  high.  A  reasonable  height  for 
stumps  is  one  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  tree  up  to  18  inches.  There 
is  no  necessity,  however,  for  increasing  the  height  of  the  stump  above 
18  inches;  even  large  trees  can  be  sawn  as  low  as  that  without  making 
the  sawyer  stoop.  (Plate  XXIII.) 

TABLE  75. — VALUE  OP  LUMBER,  F.  O.  B.,  NORFOLK,  VA.,  CONTAINED  IN  ONE  FOOT  OP  SOUND  STUMP. 


Diameter  breast- 
high  of  tree 

Inches 

Value  of  lumber 
f.  o.  b.  Norfolk 

Diameter  breasthigh 
of  tree 

Inches 

Value  of  lumber 
f.  o.  b.  Norfolk 

8 

$  0.05 

15 

$  0.27 

9 

.06 

16 

.31 

10 

.08 

17 

.36 

11 

.11 

18 

.41 

12 

.15 

19 

.46 

13 

.18 

20 

.53 

14 

.22 

21 

.59 

The  loss  from  high  stumps,  as  from  long  logs,  although  trifling  for 
each  tree,  in  the  aggregate  amounts  to  a  great  deal  at  the  end  of  a  year 
in  large  cuttings.  The  stump  contains  the  very  best  quality  of  timber  in 
the  tree,  and  every  inch  of  it  should  be  taken  when  possible. 

Table  75  shows  the  loss  in  lumber  in  every  linear  foot  of  sound 
stump  which  is  left  unused.  These  values  are  based  on  the  No.  1  grade 
butt  logs.  • 

If  an  additional  linear  foot  could  be  utilized  from  only  one-fourth  of 
the  trees  cut  in  a  year's  operation,  it  would  add  to  the  Norfolk  value  of 
the  output  $360  for  every  million  feet  sawed.  This  is  on  the  basis  of  a 
13-inch  tree,  scaling77l£S  board  feet  Doyle-Scribner.  By  lowering  the 
height  of  the  stumps  and  cutting  the  logs  as  short  as  possible,  not  only 
an  additional  2  feet  of  height  may  be  obtained  but  the  scale  yield  from 
the  tree  may  often  be  increased  by  throwing  the  logs  in  a  larger  diameter 
class.  By  shortening  the  upper  logs  large  knots  will  often  be  thrown 
into  the  log  above,  which  is  usually  of  lower  grade,  and  in  this  way 
raise  the  grades  of  several  boards  sawed  from  the  log  below.  (Page  106.) 

Another  source  of  loss  in  cutting  is  the  injury  done  to  small  trees  by 
breaking  them  down.  This  loss  is  not  reflected  in  immediate  operations 
but  it  lessens  the  future  yield,  since  it  destroys  trees  which  would  prob- 
ably have  yielded  several  saw  logs  by  the  time  of  the  second  cut.  (Plate 
XXL) 

One  of  the  greatest  wastes  in  logging  and  one  which  can  be  greatly 
reduced,  is  using  vigorous  young  trees  of  pine  and  other  valuable  spe- 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  145 

cies  for  cross-ties  in  trams  and  logging  roads.  A  tree  large  enough  to 
make  such  a  cross-tie  is  from  8  to  12  inches  in  diameter  on  the  stump, 
and  there  are  about  500  such  trees  used  in  laying  one  mile  of  tramway. 
If  the  increment  on  these  trees  amounts  to  2,850  feet,  board  measure, 
a  year  until  the  time  of  the  second  cutting  in  ten  years,  there  has  been  a 
loss  of  28,000  feet  of  timber  from  the  320  acres  which  was  logged  by 
means  of  this  spur  road.  This  loss  amounts  to  85  board  feet  per  acre. 
Some  loggers,  especially  where  the  mill  men  own  the  timber,  take  up 
the  cross-ties  and  relay  them  several  times.  Others,  however,  never 
use  a  tie  the  second  time,  after  the  spikes  are  drawn.  The  loss  of  this 
young  timber  is  an  immense  drain  on  the  future  yield  of  the  forest  and 
goes  far  toward  keeping  it  in  its  depleted  condition,  as  it  destroys  so 
many  trees  which  would  be  the  largest  trees  at  the  time  of  the  next 
cutting.  Over  the  greater  portion  of  the  pine  land  there  is  sufficient 
scrubby  hardwood  to  be  used  for  ties.  Where  the  track  is  temporary 
and  there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  small  hardwood,  owners  of  tim- 
berland  should  specify  in  their  sale  contracts,  or  in  logging  contracts, 
that  all  cross-ties  and  bridge  timbers  are  to  be  cut  from  the  cheaper 
class  of  hardwoods;  black  gum,  oaks,  and  maples.  Where  there  is 
an  insufficient  supply  of  hardwood  timber,  the  best  portion  of  the 
tops  of  medium  grade  pines  wrhich  are  cut  for  saw  logs  should  be  used, 
or  short  bodied  or  defective  pines  which  will  not  make  good  milling 
trees  by  the  next  cutting,  or  trees  thinned  from  dense  groups  of  pine. 

There  is  also  some  waste  of  timber  in  skidding,  a_  considerable  portion 
of  which  should  be  avoided,  by  using  for  skidways  and  loading  tables, 
logs  of  a  poor  class  of  hardwoods,  defective  pines  or  trees  from  thick 
groups  of  pines  which  need  thinning.  The  same  applies  to  the  use  of 
timber  for  the  construction  of  corduroy  roads,  small  bridges,  cribbing, 
and  trusses. 

Another  item  in  which  there  is  great  waste  of  young  timber  is  fuel 
for  logging  locomotives.  The  contractors  or  cutters,  who  supply  fuel, 
generally  take  out  the  clearest  and  straightest  young  trees  on  account  of 
the  ease  with  which  they  can  be  split.  Defective  trees,  whenever  pos- 
sible, should  be  used  for  such  fuel,  and  where  the  locomotive  boiler 
furnace  is  large  enough  to  take  round  wood,  the  knotty  part  of  the  tops 
which  can  not  be  split,  should  be  utilized  in  that  way,  together  with, 
the  limbs.  Where  all  the  fuel  for  the  logging  locomotives  can  not  be 
supplied  in  this  way,  the  rest  of  it  should  be  cut  from  groups  of  young 
trees  which  require  thinning.  In  fact  this  offers,  together  with  the  use 
of  young  trees  for  cross-ties,  the  best  means  of  making,  at  no  expense, 
thinnings  which  Avill  be  of  great  benefit  to  the  forest  and  largely  improve 
its  condition,  and  increase,  instead  of  decreasing,  the  yield  at  the  time 
of  the  next  cutting.  In  logging  over  a  large  tract  20,000  to  50,000  acres, 
nearly  one  cord  of  fuel  is  required  for  moving  10,000  feet  of  logs  from 
the  forest  to  the  sawmill.  If  even  one-half  of  this  is  young  timber,  it 
means  the  removal  of  four  8-inch  trees,  or  their  equivalent,  per  acre  for 
10 


146  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    FIXE. 

locomotive  fuel.  If  these  trees  are  8  inches  in  diameter,  there  is  a  loss 
at  the  next  cutting  in  ten  years  of  160  feet,  board  measure,  per  acre. 
Large  numbers  of  small  trees  are  also  needlessly  broken  down  by  saw- 
yers; by  careless  felling,  or  are  cut  for  bed  trees. 

Rules  to  Govern  Logging. 

Owners  of  timberland  who  wish  to  (1)  prevent  waste  of  their  timber 
and  (2)  cut  to  the  most  advantageous  size  for  securing  the  greatest 
present  yields  from  the  forest  and  maintain  it  on  a  producing  basis 
should  require  of  loggers  the  observance  of  the  following  regulations : 

(1)  Rigid  protection  from  fires  must  be  afforded  all  cut-over  lands 
during  re-stocking,   since  probably  one-fifth   of  all  the  young  timber, 
except  on  wet  soil,  is  destroyed  or  injured  by  fires. 

(2)  Sound  young  pines  unless  suppressed,  must  not  be  used  for  tram- 
road  cross-ties,  for  fuel  for  locomotives,  corduroy  roads,  skidways,  etc., 
unless  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  other  timber. 

(3)  When  no   other  timber  is   available   for  the   above  uses  young 
pines  in  dense  groups  and  crooked,  limby,  short-bodied,  or  oppressed 
trees  which  will  not  make  clear  merchantable  logs  of  good  size  by  the 
next  cutting  must  be  used  in  preference  to  other  trees. 

(4)  Large  trees  must  not  be  thrown  in  clumps  of  young  trees. 

(5)  No  dominant  or  codominant  trees  less  than  16  inches  in  diameter 
breasthigh  must  be  cut  unless  taken  from  a  do:ise  group. 

(6)  In  case  of  clean  cutting  seed  trees  must  be  left. 

(7)  Stumps  must  not  be  higher  than  the  diameter  in  the  case  of  trees 
under  18  inches  in  diameter  on  the  stump,  and  not  more  than  18  inches 
in  larger  trees. 

(8)  Sound  merchantable  logs  6  inches  or  more  in  diameter  used  for 
skidways  and  loading  platforms  must  not  be  left  in  the  woods. 

Increase  in  Cost  of  Handling  Small  Timber. 

The  increase  in  the  cost  of  handling  and  converting  was  found  to  be 
about  3.3  per  cent  for  each  decrease  of  10  board  feet  in  the  Doyle-Scrib- 
ner  scale  of  the  log  in  the  smaller  diameters.  The  size  of  the  mill-run 
log  between  the  years  1895  and  1900  was  more  than  80  feet.  It  is  now 
between  30  and  40  feet,  Doyle-Scribner,  in  many  of  the  larger  mills 
operating  in  the  Norfolk  district.  If  the  cost  of  logging  and  milling 
a  13-inch  log,  scaling  81  feet  by  the  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  is  regarded  as 
100  per  cent,  then  the  increase  in  the  cost  of  logging  and  milling  smaller 
logs  can  be  shown  by  the  per  cent  of  increase  over  the  cost  for  this  size 
log.  Table  76  shows  the  cost  of  logging  and  manufacture  of  logs  of 
different  sizes  allowing  a  3.3  per  cent  increase  in  cost  for  every  decrease 
of  10  feet  in  the  scale  of  the  log. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


147 


TABLE  76.— INCREASE  IN  THE  COST  OF  MANUFACTURING  LUMBER  WITH  DECREASE  IN  THE  SIZE  OF 

THE  Loa. 


Diameter  of  log 

Scale  of  log 

Cost  of  logging  and  milling 

Inches 

Feet  b.  m. 

Per  cent 

13 

81 

100 

12 

64 

*> 

11 

49 

110 

10 

36 

115 

9 

25 

120 

It  would  cost  15  per  cent  more  to  manufacture  lumber  from  10-inch 
logs  than  from  13-inch  logs,  consequently,  disregarding  the  overrun,  the 
larger  logs  might  be  regarded  as  15  per  cent  more  valuable  than  the 
small  ones  even  if  the  value  of  the  lumber  per  1,000  feet  were  the  same 
from  logs  of  both  sizes. 

RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  TREES  FOR  DIFFERENT  USES. 

The  wood  of  loblolly  pine  is  commonly  measured  either  as  logs, 
scaled  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule,  or  as  cords  of  128  cubic  feet  with  the 
bark  on,  or  as  cords  of  160  cubic  feet  with  the  bark  peeled.  Piling  is 
now  usually  purchased  on  the  same  basis  as  logs  for  lumber — the  diam- 
eter of  the  log  being  taken  in  the  middle  (the  average  of  the  two  ends) 
and  the  volume  of  the  log  scaled  by  a  log  rule.  Since  only  the  straightest 
and  longest  bodied  trees  are  used  for  piling,  the  stumpage  value  of  tim- 
ber selected  for  this  use  should  be  higher  than  that  of  the  same  size  sold 
for  milling  purposes.  Veneer  is  generally  cut  from  logs  16  inches  and 
over  in  diameter.  In  smaller  logs  there  is  too  large  a  proportion  of 
\v;iste  in  the  wood  which  is  left  in  the  core.  Small  coarse  grained  and 
somewhat  knotty  stock  can  be  used  for  crate  veneers,  but  for  panel  veneer 
fine  grained  timber,  either  free  from  knots  or  with  only  a  few  knots,  is 
desired.  Pine  veneer  stock  is  purchased  entirely  by  log  scale,  and  its 
value,  consequently,  is  that  of  the  appropriate  grades  and  sizes  of  logs 
which  are  purchased.  (Tables  50  to  54.)  (Plate  XII,  C  shows  excel- 
lent veneer  logs.) 

Only  small  timber  is  purchased  by  the  cord.  Bolts  for  boxes  and 
crates,  staves  and  headings  are  purchased  by  the  cord  with  the  bark  on. 
Pulpwood  stock  is  purchased  by  the  cord  generally  with  the  bark  re- 
moved or  rossed.  (For  proportion  of  bark  see  Table  34.)  The  relative 
value  of  small  trees  of  different  sizes  for  cordwood,  both  rossed  and 
with  the  bark  on  and  for  sawtimber  is  shown  in  Table  77.  Stumpage 
values  in  the  table  are  placed  at  $1.00  per  thousand  feet  for  lumber ;  at 
$1.00  a  long  cord  for  wood  measured  after  it  is  rossed,  dried  and  racked; 
and  at  $1.00  a  cord  for  wood  measured  with  the  bark  on.  To  use  this 
table  it  is  necessary  to  multiply  the  volumes  which  are  given  in  the  table 
for  trees  of  each  diameter  by  the  relation  of  the  stumpage  at  $1.00  to  the 


148 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


actual  stumpage  price  which  is  offered,  using  as  a  basal  diameter  the 
•  diameter  breasthigh  of  the  average  sized  tree  on  the  tract.  For  ex- 
ample :  If  board  measure  stumpage  were  worth  $1.50  per  thousand  feet, 
the  volume  which  is  given  for  the  average  tree  in  the  board  measure 
column  should  be  multiplied  by  1.50.  If  the  cordwood  stumpage  meas- 
ured after  peeling  were  worth  50  cents  a  cord,  the  value  given  of  the 
average  sized  tree  which  is  under  this  head  should  be  multiplied  by 
.50.  A  comparison  of  the  two  resultant  figures  will  show  in  which  form 
the  timber  could  be  marketed  most  profitably.  Cords  of  128  cubic  feet 
with  bark  on  can  be  converted  to  cords  of  160  cubic  feet  with  bark  on 
by  deducting  one-fifth  from  the  value  per  cord  of  128.  feet.  The  table 
is  based  on  all  trees  in  stands  6  inches  and  over  in  diameter  breasthigh. 
Cordwood  is  cut  to  3  inches  inside  the  bark  at  the  top  for  small  trees 
and  6  inches  for  large  trees.  If  knotty  tops  are  not  used  the  values  of 
the  trees  must  be  reduced  about  one-tenth. 

TABLE  77. — COMPARATIVE  VALUE  OF  TBEES  OP  DIFFERENT  SIZES  FOR  CORDWOOD  \YITH  THE  BARK 
ON,  CORDWOOD  PEELED,  AND  FOB  LUMBER  (SCALED  BY  DOYLE-SCRIBNER  RULE). 

(Based  on  the  average  tree,  Quality  II) 


Diameter 
Breasthigh 

Inches 

Cordwood,  128  cubic  feet, 
with  the  bark  on  at  $1 
a  cord 

Cordwood,  160  cubic  feet, 
measured  after  peeling, 
at  $1  a  cord 

Saw  logs  scaled  by  Doyle- 
Scribuer  rule,  at  $1  a 
1,000  board  feet 

6 

$  .065 

$  .036 

S   .01 

7 

.08 

.045 

.013 

8 

.126 

.07 

.023 

9 

.174 

.95 

.04 

10 

.225 

.12 

.056 

11 

.28 

.17 

.076 

12 

.325 

.205 

.10 

13 

.40 

.25 

.122 

14 

.475 

.29 

.156 

15 

.54 

.34 

.18 

16 

.625 

.40 

.22 

17 

.71 

.46 

.25 

18 

.79 

.51 

.29 

SILVICULTURAL  SYSTEMS  OF  CUTTING  IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES. 

The  widely  different  conditions  under  which  loblolly  pine  grows  re- 
quire different  methods  of  cutting  in  order  to  obtain  the  most  thorough 
restocking.  At  times,  however,  it  is  not  possible  to  adopt  what  is  re- 
garded as  the  most  suitable  system  of  restocking  on  account  of  the 
method  of  logging  which  is  employed,  and  there  must  be  a  compromise 
in  order  to  meet  the  logging  requirements. 

There  are  in  common  use  three  different  methods  of  logging  loblolly 
pine.  On  wet  land  logging  railroads  are  used  with  cable  skidding,  gen- 
erally with  overhead  cable;  or  sometimes  skidding  is  done  by  cable 
direct  from  the  streams  or  canals  dug  for  the  purpose.  On  uplands  log- 
ging railroads  are  used,  particularly  on  large  tracts  in  extensive  opera- 
tions with  slack  cable  skidding  or  drag  skidding.  This  i<  frequently 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   XVI. 


Stand  25  to  30  years  old,  Quality  II,  before  being  thinned.     The  large  knots  on  the  dominant  trees 

are  noteworthy.     Trees  to  be  removed  in  first  improvement  thinning 

marked  "X."      (Author's  illustration.) 


N.  0.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   XVII. 


Stand  shown  in  Plate  XVI  after  a  combined  first  cutting  and  improvement  thinning.  Most  of  the  knotty 
dominant  trees  have  been  cut,  leaving  the  stand  formed  entirely  of  slender,  clean-stemmed  codomi- 
nant  and  intermediate  trees.  These,  with  increased  diameters,  will  yield  from  3  to  3%  nearly 
clear  logs,  which  will  saw  out  approximately  the  same  type  of  wood  as  that  shown  in  Plate  IX-B. 
More  than  3,000  feet  D.-S.  per  acre  were  removed  from  the  stand  in  this  cutting.  The  average  log, 
however,  scaled  less  than  12  feet.  (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  149 

supplemented  with  wheel  logging.  Wheels  alone  are  used  by  farmers  in 
logging  woodlots.  They  are  also  often  used  exclusively  in  logging  such 
tracts  as  are  near  floating  water,  in  which  case  the  timber  is  logged  by 
wheels  to  the  water  and  then  rafted  to  the  mill. 

Logging  with  railroad  and  overhead  cable  on  wet  land  necessitates 
either  clear  cutting  or  cutting  in  strips  since  the  breakage  of  small  trees 
is  very  large.  The  cost  of  construction  is  comparatively  heavy.  Man- 
agement consequently  can  not  be  intensive  since  relatively  long  intervals 
must  elapse  between  cutting  periods.  Logging  with  railroad  on  upland 
with  ground  cable  skidding  is  not  so  expensive  as  swamp  logging  and 
the  breakage  of  small  timber  is  not  so  great;  consequently  it  can  be  re- 
peated at  more  frequent  intervals.  (Plate  XXI.)  Logging  with  wheels 
permits  cutting  at  short  intervals  in  very  intensive  operations.  (Plates 
XIV  and  XX.)  In  deciding  on  the  method  of  cutting  it  is  necessary 
to  take  into  consideration  the  method  of  logging.  The  object  is  to  afford 
the  most  frequent  cutting  periods,  which  are  consistent  with  high  earn- 
ing power. 

The  following  methods  of  cutting  on  different  types  of  forests  are 
recommended. 

(!•)   Upland  Old  Fields. 

On  dry  soils  loblolly  pine  forms  pure  stands  only  on  old  fields  or  on 
longleaf  pine  or  shortleaf  pine  land,  which  have  been  cut  clean  and 
burned,  and  where  the  naked  soil  conditions  resemble  those  of  old  fields. 
The  small  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees  in  such  stands  recuperate 
slowly  after  logging.  Since  the  suppressed  trees  are  invariably  short- 
bodied,  a  second  cutting  must  be  deferred  for  a  long  time.  This  results 
in  the  croAvns  of  these  trees  becoming  large  and  interfering  with  the 
growth  of  the  young  stand  which  appears  in  the  openings  after  the  first 
cut.  For  this  reason  clean  cutting  is  preferable  on  all  such  sites.  (Plate 
III.)  The  mature  stand  should  be  removed  in  one  or  two  cuttings.  In 
case  two  cuttings  are  made,  the  smaller  and  less  promising  trees,  as  well 
as  the  knottiest  trees,  should  be  removed  at  the  first  cutting.  The  scat- 
tered seed  tree  system  of  reproduction  should  be  used ;  from  3  to  6  trees 
should  be  left  per  acre,  unless  there  are  near-by  dominant  trees  in  mature 
stands  which  can  be  relied  upon.  The  best  formed  trees  should  be  re- 
served for  seed  trees.  If  the  trees  are  wind-firm,  isolated  seed  trees  of 
the  dominant  class  may  be  left.  If,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  on  dry, 
heavy  clays  of  the  Piedmont,  or  when  sand  in  the  Coastal  Plain  is  under- 
lain by  hardpan,  the  trees  are  not  wind-firm  (Fig.  3,  a  and  6),  seed  trees 
should  be  left  only  in  groups.  If  these  seed  trees  have  slender,  clean 
stems,  they  can  be  carried  over  until  the  succeeding  stand  is  cut,  when 
their  large  diameters  and  clear  timber  will  render  them  extremely  valu- 
able. 


150  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

On  the  dry  sandhills  or  Piedmont  uplands  loblolly  pine  reproduces 
thoroughly  only  when  its  seed  come  in  direct  contact  with  mineral  soil. 
Stands  on  very  sandy  soil  are  frequently  destitute  of  undergrowth,  and 
the  leaf  litter  is  extremely  thin.  (Plate  III.)  "When  50  years  old  the 
cover  in  such  stands  will  often  be  so  open  that  if  the  mineral  soil  is 
exposed,  dense  mats  of  seedlings  appear  during  wet  periods.  In  the 
Piedmont,  where  the  undergrowth  is  heavy  it  may  be  necessary  to  cut 
the  small  broadleaf  trees  which  have  appeared.  (Plate  VIII,  A.)  In 
open  stands  the  undergrowth  is  desirable  for  lessening  the  evaporation 
of  soil  moisture  both  by  sun  and  wind.  When  logging  is  carried  on 
during  wet  weather,  particularly  during  the  winter,  enough  mineral 
soil  may  be  brought  to  the  surface  to  make  a  suitable  mineral  seed- 
bed. On  small  tracts,  a  proper  seedbed  may  be  prepared  by  raking 
up  the  leaf  litter  and  using  it  for  farm  purposes,  such  as  compost, 
stable  absorbent  or  mulch.  This  is  frequently  done,  and  while  it  is 
not  intended  for  securing  restocking,  the  latter  follows  as  a  natural 
consequence.  On  such  sites,  where  a  suitable  mineral  seedbed  is 
found,  reproduction  of  loblolly  pine  begins  to  take  place  by  the  time 
the  stands  are  forty  or  fifty  years  old,  although  most  of  the  seedlings  die 
after  a  few  years,  since  the  shade  of  the  old  trees  is  still  too  dense.  On 
the  other  hand,  where  the  leaf  litter  is  deep  and  has  not  been  disturbed, 
young  growth  comes  in  slowly.  This  is  well  shown  by  stands  at  Grimes- 
land,  Pitt  County,  North  Carolina,  examined  in  the  spring  of  1909. 
Loblolly  pine  had  partially  replaced  longleaf  pine  on  sandy-loam  upland 
(Norfolk  loam).  The  tract,  which  was  near  a  dwelling,  had  been  pro- 
tected from  fire,  and  hogs  had  been  excluded  from  it  for  more  than 
twenty  years.  The  leaf  litter  had  accumulated  to  a  depth  of  from  six 
to  eight  inches.  Although  there  were  large  openings,  and  the  surround- 
ing loblolly  pines  bore  seed  abundantly,  the  stocking  was  not  complete 
on  account  of  the  dryness  of  the  thick  leaf  litter.  On  the  other  hand 
near-by  open  lands,  on  which  the  deep  humus  and  litter  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire  and  hogs,  were  well  stocked.  It  may  be  desirable  in  the 
case  of  farm  forests  to  cut  clean,  cultivate  the  soil  a  few  years  until  the 
humus  is  partially  exhausted,  and  then  restock.  In  such  a  case  if 
there  are  no  near-by  seed  trees  it  will  be  necessary  to  plant. 

While  the  destruction  of  litter  on  this  type  is  desirable  for  securing 
restocking,  it  is  not  necessary  as  a  protective  measure  for  old  timber. 
The  ground  cover  rarely  becomes  sufficiently  dense  for  a  spring  fire  to 
endanger  the  stand.  It  is  undesirable  to  destroy  the  humus  on  the  clay 
soils  of  the  Piedmont  region  for  the  reason  that  the  water  table  is  30  to 
45  feet  from  the  surface  during  dry  periods.  During  the  autumn  the 
amount  of  available  soil  moisture  in  the  fine-grained  clay  soils  is  small 
on  account  of  their  high  hygroscopicity.  The  humus  covering,  there- 
fore, acts  as  a  protection  against  evaporation  of  soil  moisture  and  should 
never  be  destroyed  except  when  necessary  to  obtain  natural  reproduction. 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  151 

(2)  Permanent  or  "Natural"  Loblolly  Pine  Type. 

Ou  the  so-called  "natural"  or  permanent  loblolly  soils  which  occupy 
Quality  I  sites  and  some  of  the  best  Quality  II  sites,  loblolly  pine 
forms  pure  even-aged  groups  or  stands.  On  such  sites  the  pine  is  very 
tolerant  of  shade  (Plate  IV)  and  has  a  greater  power  of  recuperation 
from  suppression  (Plate  VIII,  B),  and  a  thrifty  young  stand  is  easily 
obtained  in  the  partial  shade  resulting  from  the  successive  removal  of 
trees  in  the  old  stand.  The  stand,  therefore,  lends  itself  to  a  diameter 
limit  cutting.  By  such  cutting  the  waste  in  cutting  the  slender  inter- 
mediate trees  (Plate  XVII)  is  prevented  and  a  greater  profit  in  holding 
them  for  additional  diameter  growth  is  assured.  On  "natural"  sites  the 
mature  stand  may  be  removed  by  gradual  cutting  in  two  or  more  succes- 
sive fellings.  The  first  removes  the  larger  trees  to  a  minimum  diameter 
of  from  14  to  16  inches,  according  to  the  quality  site.  The  second,  made 
from  10  to  20  years  later,  should  remove  the  remaining  timber,  unless 
the  small  trees  will  still  show  sufficient  increment  to  justify  holding 
them  for  a  third  cut,  which  will  often  be  the  case.  If  the  stand  is  more 
than  45  years  old  when  the  first  felling  is  made,  the  intermediate  and 
suppressed  trees,  since  by  that  time  they  have  passed  the  stage  of  most 
rapid  height  growth,  can  gain  very  little  in  height  after  lumbering. 

With  logging  operations  costing  $13  per  1,000  feet  the  maximum  rate 
of  interest  (8  per  cent)  is  obtained  on  Quality  I  site  by  clean  cutting 
when  the  stand  is  40  years  old.  The  number  of  trees  per  acre  6  inches 
and  over  in  diameter  breasthigh  in  a  stand  at  this  age  is  273,  the  aver- 
age diameter  11.4  inches,  the  average  volume  98  board  feet,  and  total 
yield  26,754  feet  per  acre  by  Doyle-Scribner  rule;  the  average  stumpage 
value  per  tree,  35  cents,  or  the  total  stumpage  value  per  acre  $94.05.  In 
a  normal  stand  at  this  age  the  average  number  of  dominant  trees  is 
about  123,  having  an  average  diameter  breasthigh  of  13.2  inches,  an 
average  volume  of  191  board  feet,  and  an  average  log  scale  of  59  feet. 

If  instead  of  cutting  clean  only  the  dominant  trees  are  cut,  the  yield 
would  be  23,400  board  feet,  having  a  Norfolk,  Va.,  value  of  $17.16  per 
1,000  feet,  or  a  stumpage  value  of  $77.49  per  acre,  under  an  operating 
cost  of  $13  per  1,000  feet.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  stand  above 
six  inches  in  diameter,  including  the  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees, 
have  an  approximate  stumpage  value  of  $18.06  per  acre.  This  value  is 
made  up  of  150  trees,  with  an  average  volume  of  54  board  feet,  an 
average  diameter  breasthigh  of  9.1  inches,  and  a  stumpage  value  of 
about  12  cents  per  tree.  The  examination  of  old  cuttings  indicates  that 
in  stands  of  Quality  I  the  intermediate  and  suppressed  trees,  because  of 
the  improved  light  conditions  and  greater  amount  of  soil  moisture, 
made  available  by  the  removal  of  the  dominant  trees,  will  make  almost 
as  rapid  growth  in  diameter  as  dominant  trees  of  the  same  diameters. 
In  15  years  they  may,  therefore,  attain  an  average  diameter  breasthigh 


152  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

of  12.5  inches, 'an  average  volume  of  128  board  feet,  or  a  total  yield  per 
acre  of  19,200  board  feet.  Since,  however,  the  value  of  the  timber  of 
the  intermediate  trees  will  be  greater  than  that  of  the  dominant  trees 
of  the  same  diameter,  they  will  have  an  approximate  value  of  $17.50  or 
$18.00  per  1,000  board  feet  at  Norfolk,  and  a  stumpage  value  of  55 
cents  each,  under  an  operating  cost  of  $13,  or  a  total  stumpage  value  of 
$82.50  per  acre.  This  amount  represents  the  accumulated  compound  in- 
terest for  15  years  on  the  trees  left  for  growth,  plus  the  original  invest- 
ment in  these  trees  of  $18.06.  The  original  investment  has  thus  yielded 
10.7  per  cent  compound  interest  as  against  8.6  which  would  have  been 
obtained  by  cutting  clear  at  40  years.  Moreover,  the  average  size  log 
under  gradual  felling  is  much  larger.  By  cutting  clean  at  40  years  the 
average  log  is  34  feet.  By  making  two  fellings  the  average  log  of  the 
first  cutting  is  89  feet;  that  of  the  second  felling  40  feet.  The  average 
annual  yield  per  acre  by  clean  felling  at  40  years  is  669X  board  feet ;  by 
removing  the  timber  in  two  cuts  it  is  775  board  feet.  In  this  calculation 
only  the  trees  which  were  6  inches  and  over  in  diameter  at  the  time  of 
the  first  cutting  are  considered.  In  addition  there  are  many  suppressed 
trees,  which  were  less  than  6  inches  in  diameter  at  the  time  of  the  first 
cutting.  Many  of  these  will  have  diameters  of  from  7  to  9  inches  at  the 
time  of  the  second  cut  and  will  be  merchantable  in  a  third  cutting. 
Since  the  crown  cover  of  the  stand  will  be  only  about  one-half  complete, 
even  up  to  the  time  when  the  second  felling  is  made,  a  thorough  re- 
stocking will  have  taken  place.  Within  15  years  after  the  felling  the 
young  stand  which  will  have  appeared  should  be  from  30  to  50  feet  in 
height,  the  two  age-classes  resembling  a  two-storied  stand.  In  the  sec- 
ond felling  it  is  often  possible  to  remove  some  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  young  stand — those  with  coarse  knots.  The  second  felling  in  the 
old  stand  will  have  the  same  effect  upon  the  young  growth  as  that  of  a 
heavy  irregular  thinning  and  improvement  cutting. 

The  successive  removal  of  the  larger  trees  was  in  vogue  in  cutting 
loblolly  pine  in  eastern  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  until  after  1900. 
It  was  customary  up  to  that  date  to  cut  to  a  .stump  diameter  of  from  14 
to  16  inches,  which  removed  in  the  first  cutting  chiefly  the  dominant 
trees.  After  1900  this  method  was  superseded  either  by  clean  cutting, 
where  the  conditions  justified  it,  or  by  reducing  the  diameter  limit  to  8 
or  10  inch  on  the  stump.  Gradual  felling  under  present  market  con- 
ditions and  methods  of  logging,  seems  best  suited  to  pure  stands  of 
loblolly  pine  on  good  sites.  In  place,  however,  of  merely  cutting 
to  a  diameter  limit  or  of  removing  only  the  dominant  trees  as  was 
the  custom  and  as  was  the  method  used  in  the  example,  only  large  trees, 
whose  increment  has  begun  to  decline,  should  be  removed  in  the  first 
cutting.  The  amount  of  the  first  cut  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  equalize 
the  two  cuts,  either  in  volume  or  in  value,  taking  interest  into  consid- 
eration. It  should  be  possible  to  obtain  at  the  second  cutting  a  large 


LOBLOLLY    OE    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  153 

number  of  trees  of  relatively  high  grade.  By  uniform  spacing  to  secure 
the  fullest  individual  growth,  trees  of  large  diameters  and  yielding  a 
valuable  product  could  be  obtained.  (Table  78.)  While  not  without 
drawbacks,  this  method  of  cutting  has  many  advantages  in  its  favor. 
The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  this  method  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  cut  per  acre  which  can   bo  made   at   one  timfe  by  a  logging 
crew  is  less  with  two  (-linings  than  with  clean  cutting.     This,  however,  is 
fully    compensated    for   by   the    larger    size    of    the    logs,    resulting    in 
cheaper  logging  and  cheaper  millwork. 

2.  Logging  the  eld  trees  in   young  stands  is  somewhat   more  costly 
than  clean  cutting.      This,  however,  is  again  compensated  for  by  the 
cleaning  and  thinning  of  the  young  growth. 

3.  Some  of  the  young  trees  are  broken  down  by  felling  the  larger 
trees.     With   careful   felling  the  damage  is  small,  since  the  old   sup- 
pressed and  intermediate  trees  have  very  long,  rather  than  wide-spread- 
ing, heavy  crowns. 

4.  The  reduction  in  the  volume  which  is  cut  per  acre  also  increases 
the  cost  of  railroad  construction  per  1,000  feet  cut.     This,  however,  is 
far  more  than  met  by  the  enhanced  value  of  the  product.     In  practice  it 
should  be  easy  to  determine  whether  the  increased  value  per  1,000  feet 
of  the  stand  will  be  greater  or  leas  than  the  increased  cost  of  production 
per  1,000  feet. 

Since  too  many  trees  in  the  old  stand  will  retard  the  height  growth 
of  near-by  groups  of  young  trees,  the  first  cutting  must  be  moderately 
heavy.  The  retarding  of  the  dominant  trees  in  the  young  stand,  how- 
ever, is  desirable  since  the  trunk  is  freer  of  knots,  the  knots  are  smaller, 
and  the  proportion  of  high  grade  lumber  is  greater  in  dominant  trees, 
particularly  in  the  lower  logs,  when  they  are  crowded.  This  system  of 
cutting  is  one  which  has  been  satisfactory  to  the  lumbermen  for  many 
years,  and  which  helped  to  maintain  the  supply  of  loblolly  pine  in  the 
Norfolk  (Va.),  Albemarle  Sound,  Plymouth  (N~.  C.),  and  Washing- 
ton (N.  C.)  sections.  It  has  further  the  advantage  of  affording  heavy 
cuttings  at  intervals  of  not  more  than  twenty  years  and,  therefore, 
should  be  practiced  in  place  of  clear  cutting,  which  makes  logging  pos- 
sible only  at  from  40  to  50  year  intervals,  and  yields  a  lower  grade  of 
logs.  In  following  gradual  felling,  however,  the  suppressed  trees  which 
are  left  for  additional  growth  should  not  be  relied  upon  for  seed  trees, 
but  these  should  be  reserved  from  the  dominant  part  of  the  stand.  These 
should  be  trees  with  the  choicest  stems  and  should  be  carried  to  large 
diameters,  if  their  rate  of  growth  is  satisfactory,  to  furnish  high  grade 
veneer  stock,  or  large  size  piling,  or  choice  sawlogs  which  will  yield  70 
per  cent  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  lumber. 

The  form  of  forest  sought  should  be  large  even-aged  blocks.  In  log- 
ging with  railroad  it  is  possible  to  thin  one  block  when  the  adjoining 
block  is  being  cut  for  larger  timber.  This  makes  thinnings  possible  and 
yet  maintains  the  cut. 


154  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

(3)  Longleaf  Pine  Flat  Lands. 

The  first  step  in  connection  with  the  management  of  these  lands  should 
be  to  increase  the  density  of  the  stands  by  protection  against  fire. 
(Plate  VI,  A.)  At  present  on  account  of  the  irregularity  of  the  stands 
only  selection  culling  or  cutting  clean  in  small  groups  is  possible.  The 
diameter  for  cutting  should  be  controlled  as  indicated  in  the  discussion 
of  the  method  of  cutting  in  open  gure  uneven-aged  stands.  The  method 
of  cutting  in  large  even-aged  groups  should  be  governed  by  the  quality 
site.  On  best  sites  cutting  to  a  diameter  limit  may  be  followed.  On 
the  dry  sites  the  stands  should  be  thinned  in  the  manner  described  under 
thinnings,  provided  thinnings  can  be  conducted  without  loss,  the  ob- 
ject of  thinning  being  to  develop  the  best  formed  dominant  and  the 
codominant  trees,  and  the  stands  should  be  cut  clean  in  one  cutting  or 
in  two  cuttings  at  intervals  of  10  to  15  years.  Some  of  the  best  de- 
veloped dominant  trees  should  be  left  for  seeding,  unless  mature  and 
heavy  groups  are  near  enough  to  assure  thorough  stocking.  The  ulti- 
mate form  of  forest  which  should  be  sought  should  be  large  even-aged 
groups  or  blocks,  varying  in  age  by  15  to  20  years,  conforming  to  the 
interval  between  cuttings.  In  many  places  there  is  already  an  excellent 
basis  for  this  form  and  the  present  distribution  of  age  classes  enables  it 
to  be  readily  obtained.  Seeding  would  take  place  from  near-by  mature 
groups  or  seed  trees  could  be  left.  Under  good  management  these  lands 
are  capable  of  yielding  between  450  and  500  board  feet  a  year.  At 
present  the  yield  is  much  less,  probably  not  over  300  feet  a  year. 

On  some  of  the  medium  dry  sites  with  compact  loamy,  clayey,  or  silty 
soils  having  a  low  humifying  or  oxidizing  capacity,  the  pine  straw  and 
leaf  litter  accumulates  under  heavy  stands  of  timber  to  a  depth  of  six 
to  eight  inches.  This  litter  dries  out  so  thoroughly  during  the  autumn 
that  seedlings,  which  were  established  on  it  during  the  dannp  spring,  die. 
Consequently,  it  is  necessary  when  the  mineral  soil  has  not  been  brought 
to  the  surface  during  lumbering  or  by  hogs,  to  destroy  the  leaf  litter 
immediately  after  or  during  lumbering,  in  order  to  expose  the  mineral 
soil  sufficiently  to  secure  restocking. 

(4)  Mixed  With  Hardwoods  in  Flat  Swamps. 

The  present  manner  of  cutting  this  type  removes  all  of  the  pine  and 
the  best  trees  of  the  more  valuable  hardwoods  and  leaves  a  large  number 
of  old  defective  and  small  trees,  chiefly  water  gum,  sweet  gum,  and  red 
maples.  Many  of  these  are  suppressed  trees  which  fail  to  recuperate  and 
make  additional  height  growth.  They  serve,  however,  largely  as  seed 
trees.  The  resultant  forest  is  a  young,  even-aged  stand  formed  chiefly  of 
red  maple,  water  gum,  and  sweet  gum,  but  containing  some  pine  over- 
topped by  the  trees  which  were  left  at  the  first  cutting.  It  is  an  unde- 
sirable mixture  on  the  whole,  but  a  convenient  form  which  permits  con- 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  155 

version  either  into  even-aged  mixed  stands  or  into  group  selection 
stands.  Either  of  these  is  desirable.  In  the  event  of  conversion  into 
even-aged  stands,  the  next  cutting  would  he  deferred  until  the  young 
age  class  was  large  enough  to  be  cut,  at  which  time  all  trees  except  select 
seed  trees  would  be  cut.  These  seed  trees,  three  to  four  to  the  acre,  could 
remain  uncut  until  the  next  felling  period,  when,  if  well  selected,  they 
would  have  attained  large  diameters  and  be  extremely  valuable.  Large 
areas  of  even-aged  stands,  however,  do  not  admit  of  thinnings,  under 
present  conditions,  and  consequently  the  best  individual  development 
of  the  tree  is  not  obtained. 

A  group  selection  form  can  bo  developed  by  felling  the  oldest  age 
class  before  the  younger  class  reaches  merchantable  size,  by  the  removal 
of  only  a  portion  of  the  young  growth,  and  cutting  clean  in  groups  as 
much  as  possible  in  order  to  establish  even-aged  groups.  In  this  manner 
three  or  four  age  classes  can  be  established,  each  occupying  groups 
which  might  consist  of  only  a  few  trees  or  might  be  an  acre  in  extent. 
This  is  a  very  desirable  form,  since  at  the  same  time  that  the  oldest  age 
class  is  felled  thinnings  and  cleanings  could  be  conducted  in  the  younger 
groups.  This  would  enable  the  trees  in  each  group  to  obtain  the  maxi- 
mum growth,  and  at  the  same  time  by  means  of  cleanings  to  eradicate 
gradually  the  inferior  species.  The  forest  should  be  managed  for  the 
production  of  large  sized  oak,  poplar,  ash,  and  pine. 

Since  the  soil  conditions  are  not  perfectly  uniform  in  these  swamps, 
certain  areas,  often  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  acre  in  extent,  are  better 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  some  species  than  of  others.  So  far  as  is 
economically  possible  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  localize  the  species 
on  the  sites  on  which  they  make  the  heaviest  yield,  by  leaving  near-by 
seed  trees  of  these  species.  The  present  complex  mixture  should  also  be 
converted  into  a  more  simple  one  by  eliminating  those  species  which  are 
of  least  value,  such  as  water  gum,  red  maple,  and  beech.  (Plate  I.) 
The  following  species  are  the  most  valuable  both  silviculturally  and  for 
lumber,  and  preference  should  be  given  them  in  forming  mixed  stands 
on  appropriate  sites — loblolly  pine,  swamp  chestnut  oak,  yellow  poplar, 
ash,  sweet  gum,  water  oak,  and  elm.  Except  sweet  gum  and  elm,  these 
species  are  all  rather  intolerant  of  shade  and  require  plenty  of  light  for 

seedling  establishment. 

t 

(5)  Loblolly  Pine  With  Cypress  in  Deep  Swamps. 

These  stands  of  mixed  cypress,  pine,  and  black  gum  (Plate  V,  B)  are 
logged  either  from  canals,  from  streams,  or  from  logging  railroads  by 
means  of  steam  skidders  and  overhead  cable  ways.  Since  there  is  a 
large  breakage  of  small  timber  with  this  system  of  logging,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  clear  cutting  be  practiced  and  that  seed  trees  be  left  both  of 
cypress  and  of  pine.  (Plate  XXI.)  The  establishment  of  both  species, 


156  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

however,  takes  place  only  during  the  drier  seasons,  consequently  there 
is  no  assurance  that  they  will  form  a  large  part  of  the  stand.  Their 
yield  and  value  is  so  much  greater  than  that  of  the  gum  and  water  ash 
with  which  they  are  associated  that  management  should  look  to  eradi- 
cating or  reducing  these  species  and  supplanting  them  with  cypress  and 
pine. 

(6)  Loblolly  Pine  With  Pocoson  Pine  on  Stii-anitas. 

The  open  stands  of  this  type,  which  consists  of  scattered  trees,  require 
that  the  density  be  increased  in  order  to  utilize  fully  the  soil.  (Plate 
V,  A.)  Where  the  stands  are  open  and  the  age  classes  are  very  irregular, 
selection,  cutting  (culling)  must  continue  at  present.  The  diameter  for 
cutting  should  be  controlled  as  indicated  in  selection  cutting  in  open 
stands  in  Qualities  II  and  III.  Old  even-aged  groups  should  be  cut 
clean,  leaving  seed  trees.  There  are  numerous,  though  scattered,  even- 
aged  groups  of  young  trees,  and  with  these  as  nuclei  a  group  selection 
form  of  forest  should  be  developed.  If  the  cutting  interval  is  20  years, 
these  can  eventually  be  merged  into  definite  even-aged  blocks,  the  age 
interval  between  them  being  20  to  30  years.  As  these  even-aged  blocks 
mature  they  should  be  cut  clean,  the  immature  blocks  being  thinned 
during  each  cutting. 

It  is  necessary  to  destroy  moss  during  dry  seasons  since  its  accumula- 
tion retards  aeration  and  renders  the  soil  more  acid,  thus  rendering  it 
less  suitable  for  loblolly  pine  which  has  no  visible  mycorrhiza  on  its 
roots.  It 'also  prevents  the  establishment  of  loblolly  pine  seedlings  on 
thick  carpets  of  living  sphagnum  or  on  its  raw  humus,  although  the 
pocoson  pine  can  establish  itself.  Likewise  the  heavy  sod  of  grasses  and 
herbaceous  plants  materially  interferes  at  times  with  the  establishment 
of  seedlings,  although  the  presence  of  water  on  these  lands  during  the 
spring  germinating,  period  tends  to  limit  their  occupancy  by  loblolly 
pine.  The  mixture  on  these  sites  should  consist  of  longleaf,  pocoson,  and 
loblolly  pines.  These  lands  are  capable  of  yielding  from  300  to  350 
board  feet  a  year  in  a  rotation  of  60  to  80  years,  with  cutting  intervals 
of  20  to  25  years.  At  present  the  annual  yield  is  less  than  200  feet. 

(7)  Loblolly  Pine  With  Shortleaf  Pine  and  Hardwoods  on  Uplands. 

The  forests  of  this  type  should  be  managed  as  selection,  preferably  as 
group  selection  stands.  (Plate  VII.)  The  loblolly  pine  should  be  cut 
when  it  is  about  16  inches  in  diameter  breasthigh  and  when  not  more 
than  70  years  old.  The  trees  will  yield  about  3  logs,  the  average  log 
scaling  about  55  feet.  Although  Icblolly  pine  makes  more  rapid  growth 
than  shortleaf  in  this  type  it  is  not  so  desirable  a  tree  as  the  latter  on 
account  of  its  coarse,  knotty  wood,  except  on  lower  slope?,  where  the 
moist  soils  are  suited  to  its  growth.  The  ideal  mixture  which  should  be 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  XVIII. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  XIX. 


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PLATE  XXI. 


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PLATE  XXIII. 


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LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  157 

sought  should  be  loblolly  pine,  shortleaf  pine,  yellow  poplar,  and  south- 
ern red  oak.  In  order  to  obtain  restocking,  it  is  necessary  to  bring  the 
mineral  soil  to  the  surface,  to  cut  heavily,  and  afford  plenty  of  light. 

PROTECTION    FROM    FIRES. 

The  greatest  destruction  of  young  timber  in  the  loblolly  pineries  is 
caused  by  forest  fires.  The  tendency  of  the  pine  is  to  seek  open  places 
where  it  secures  full  sunlight;  these  places  are  generally  grassy, 'and  if 
a  ground  fire  occurs  before  the  pine  is  large  enough  to  withstand  it  the 
young  growth  is  injured  or  destroyed.  The  frequent  fires  on  the  heavy 
sod  on  the  longleaf  pine  flat  land  and  the  pocoson  pine  savannas  are 
responsible  to  a  large  extent  for  the  open  stands  on  such  lands.  (Plates 
V,  A;  V,  B;  VI,  A;  XX  and  XXII.)  The  same  is  true  of  the  grassy, 
peaty  lands,  and  the  logged-over  swamp  lands  in  which  grass  and  short- 
lived  shrubs  have  secured  a  foothold  and  which  dry  out  sufficiently  to 
burn. 

The  difficulties  of  checking  a  forest  fire  in  this  region  during  a  dry 
season,  when  it  is  under  headway  before  a  wind,  are  evident.  The  avail- 
able force  for  fighting  fire  is  limited;  the  areas  are  large  and  often 
difficult  of  access  on  account  of  undergrowth  in  the  swamps.  The  most 
satisfactory  way  of  reducing  loss  from  forest  fire  is  to  prevent  the  fires 
from  starting  or  from  getting  under  headway. 

While  some  fires  undoubtedly  originate  from  lightning,  which  can  not 
be  prevented,  the  greater  number  start  from  one  or  another  of  the  fol- 
lowing sources : 

(1)  Locomotives,  especially  logging  locomotives. 

(2)  Logging  crews  or  from  logging  camps. 

(3)  Farm   laborers,   especially   in   the   spring  when   new  ground   is 
being  cleared,  brush  burned,  or  fence  lines  cleaned. 

(4)  Burning  dead  grass  on  grazing  land,  from  which  the  fire  spreads 
to  woodjand,  or  burning  the  woodland  for  pasturage. 

(5)  Hunters  and  fishermen. 

(6)  Carelessness  on  the  part  of  other  persons. 

The  fires  from  all  these  causes  can  be  prevented  or  reduced  in  number 
through  using  greater  care  in  handling  fire  in  the  forest,  posting  notices, 
and  general  education  of  the  people  to  the  losses  from  fires. 

The  law  of  North  Carolina  in  regard  to  setting  fire  to  woodland, 
brush  land  or  grass  land,  reads  as  follows : 

Section  8  of  Chapter  2'j3.  Public  Laws  of  1015. — If  any  person  shall  inten- 
tionally set  fire  to  any  grass  land,  brush  land,  or  woodland,  except  it  be  his 
own  property,  or  in  that  case  without  first  giving  notice  to  all  persons  own- 
ing or  in  charge  of  lands  adjoining  the  land  intended  to  be  fired,  and  also 
taking  care  to  watch  such  fire  while  burning  and  taking  effectual  care  to 
extinguish  such  fire  before  it  shall  reach  any  lands  near  to  or  adjoining 
the  lands  so  fired,  he  shall  for  every  such  offense  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor 
and  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  ten  dollars,  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  or 
imprisoned  not  exceeding  thirty  days.  This  shall  not  prevent  action  for 
damages  sustained  by  the  owner  of  any  property  from  such  fires. 


158  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

In  the  portions  of  the  State  where  this  law  has  been  publicly  posted 
and  arrests  and  prosecutions  made  under  its  provisions,  it  has  had  the 
effect  of  greatly  lessening  the  number  of  fires  from  carelessness. 

(7)  In   addition,   owners    should    require   persons   wishing   to    hunt, 
especially  to  hunt  at  night  with  torch,  to  obtain  a  permit,  with  the 
understanding  that  the  services  of  the  holder  of  the  permit   shall  be 
available  for  fighting  fire  without  pay. 

(8)  No  grazing  should  be  permitted  on  land  which  was  burned  that 
season. 

The  most  satisfactory  way  to  protect  forest  land  from  outside  fires  is 
to  burn  in  the  fall,  as  soon  as  the  leaves  have  fallen  and  are  sufficiently 
dry,  a  strip  100  feet  wide  around  the  area  to  be  protected.  Sometimes  it 
is  sufficient  to  plow  only  several  furrows  around  the  area  or  two  furrows 
100  feet  apart  and  burn  the  intervening  strip.  (Plate  XVIII.) 

It  is  essential  to  protect  all  young  pine  trees  from  fire  until  they  are 
from  20  to  30  feet  high  and  their  stems  are  well  cleaned  for  10  or  15 
feet.  (Plate  IV.)  This  means  a  period  of  from  10  to  15  years  after 
lumbering  and  restocking.  Areas  containing  young  growth  should  be 
surrounded  by  fire  lines,  kept  clear  by  annual  burning  during  damp 
weather.  During  very  dry  weather  it  is  advisable  to  patrol  large  bodies 
of  well  established  young  growth,  if  at  all  exposed  to  fire.  Neighborhood 
associations  should  be  formed  in  sections  of  counties  where  the  damage 
from  fire  is  great,  and  these  associations  assume  the  responsibility  of 
protection.  The  members  can  issue  permits  for  grazing  and  night  hunt- 
ing on  their  lands,  prohibiting  during  the  year  the  use  of  areas  which 
have  been  burned  for  these  purposes,  appoint  patrols  during  dry,  windy 
seasons  and  organize  forces  for  fighting  fires  in  case  one  starts. 

BRUSH    LOPPING. 

Wherever  clean  cutting  is  practiced  and  seed  trees  left,  or  where  cut- 
ting is  done  to  a  diameter  limit  and  only  small  trees  are  left,  it  is  desir- 
able that  the  branches  be  lopped  from  the  tops  in  order  to  reduce  the 
danger  from  fire.  The  lopped  branches  lie  close  to  the  earth  and  soon 
decay.  Tops  which  are  unlopped  may  remain  a  fire  menace  for  many 
years.  (Plate  XIX.)  Lopping  is  not  necessary  on  very  wet  lands  or 
where  pine  is  mixed  with  hardwoods,  unless  cutting  is  clean  and  the 
amount  of  slash  is  large.  Lopping  without  burning  is  generally  suf- 
ficient; only  in  exceptional  cases  is  it  necessary  to  burn  the  slash. 
Whether  it  should  be  piled  before  burning  depends  upon  the  conditions, 
but  piling  is  generally  advisable.  No  slash  should  be  left  touching  seed 
trees  or  groups  of  young  trees.  Damp  weather  without  wind  should  be 
selected  for  burning.  There  should  always  be  an  ample  force  on  hand 
to  look  after  the  fire. 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE   XXIV. 


Crown  cover  of  loblolly  pine. 


Quality  I  stand,  70  years  old. 
(Author's  illustration.) 


Its  density  is  noteworthy. 


N.  0.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  XXV. 


Crown  cover  of  loblolly  pine.  Quality  III  stand  in  old  field,  age  50  years.  The  complete 
isolation  of  the  crowns  is  characteristic.  Groups  of  seedlings  are  beginning  to  estab- 
lish themselves  under  such  a  canopy.  (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  159 

THINNINGS. 

Thinnings  are  made  in  crowded  even-aged  stands  in  order  to  concen- 
trate the  productive  power  of  the  soil  in  a  few  best  trees,  accelerate  their 
growth,  and  in  this  way  shorten  the  time  necessary  for  them  to  reach 
maturity.  Since  only  the  smaller  or  defective  large  trees  are  removed, 
the  mature  stand  eventually  consists  of  large  well-developed  trees.  In 
the  natural  process  of  thinning  the  elimination  of  the  weaker  specimens 
takes  place  too  slowly  for  the  best  development  of  the  stand.  (Plates 
IV;  XVII;  XXVII.)  In  the  struggle  for  light  and  food  both  the  sup- 
pressed and  dominant  trees  suffer.  A  certain  amount  of  crowding,  how- 
ever, is  necessary,  particularly  during  the  period  of  rapid  height  growth, 
to  develop  long  straight  stems  reasonably  free  from  knots  in  the  lower 
logs.  (Plate  XVII.)  Thinnings,  therefore,  should  be  light  during 
the  period  of  rapid  growth  in  height,  and  should  be  largely  limited  to 
removing  the  knottiest  trees.  After  the  clear  length  of  stem,  however, 
has  been  developed  (see  Table  15)  thinnings  should  be  heavy  in  order  to 
favor  the  rapid  development  in  diameter  of  individual  stems,  the  diame- 
ter of  the  tree  has  an  important  influence;  not  only  on  the  amount  of 
material  in  it  but  also  on  the  high  value  of  the  lumber  which  is  ob- 
tained from  it.  (See  page  120,  and  Tables  59  to  64,  and  71.)  It  is 
commonly  held  that  when  the  larger  trees  are  removed  as  they  come  to 
merchantable  size,  the  smaller  trees  left  will  begin  to  grow  fast.  Such 
a  thinning  may  be  of  benefit  to  the  stand,  but  not  to  the  same  extent 
as  thinnings  of  the  small  trees;  by  thinning  the  small  trees  not  only  a 
larger  amount,  but- a  higher  quality  is  secured. 

It  has  already  been  noted  (page  42)  that  loblolly  pine  exhibits  with 
age  a  progressive  increase  in  its  light  requirements  and  a  corresponding 
decline  in  its  capacity  to  endure  crown  compression.  (Plates  IV;  XI.) 
This  decline  is  especially  marked  on  the  dryer  sites.  (Plates  III,  and 
XXV.)  On  good  sites  one  effect  of  this  characteristic  is  that  in  middle- 
aged  stands,  50  to  75  years,  the  suppressed  and  intermediate  trees  and 
even  such  codominant  trees  as  have  endured  prolonged  crown  compres- 
sion lose  their  capacity  to  recover  rapidly  or  even  at  all  after  their 
crowns  are  freed;  on  dry  sites  this  inertness  of  the  dominated  classes 
extends  to  much  younger  trees.  The  relative  tolerance  which  the  domi- 
nant trees  of  different  diameters  and  on  different  quality  sites  exhibit 
as  expressed  by  the  demands  of  the  crown  for  light,  is  shown  numeri- 
cally by  the  index  of  tolerance  (Table  78)  which  is  the  ratio  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  crown  space  to  the  area  ef  the  surface  of  the  stem  of  the  tree 
inside  the  bark.  (Plates  XXIV;  XXV;  XXVI;  XXVII.) 

On  account  of  its  comparative  intolerance  of  shade  the  natural  thin- 


160  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

ning  which  takes  place  in  stands  is  rapid  as  is  shown  by  the  decrease  in 
the  number  of  trees  per  acre  (Table  42).  (Plates  IV;  XI;  XV.) 
Stands  of  loblolly  pine  consequently  are  less  benefited  by  artificial  thiii- 
nirig  than  those  of  such  species  as  endure  more  crowding  and  in  which 
the  struggle  of  the  individual  trees  for  supremacy  is  more  prolonged. 
Stands  of  this  species  on  good  sites  (moist  soil)  are  most  responsive  to 
thinning  (Plate  IV)  ;  those  on  dry  sites  are  less  responsive  (Plate  III). 
On  very  wet  scils  thinnings  increase  but  little  the  growth  of  the  remain- 
ing trees  and  for  this  reason  are  hardly  justifiable. 

Since  the  power  of  recuperation  of  the  intermediate  and  suppressed 
trees  decreases  with  the  age  of  the  stands  and  with  the  length  of  the 
period  of  overcrowding,  thinnings  in  old  .stands  which  have  never  been 
previously  thinned,  must  be  entirely  limited  to  the  subordinate  classes. 
In  young  stands  which  are  thinned  when  not  more  than  25  or  30  years 
old,  many  dominant  trees  can  be  removed,  since  the  codoininant  and 
intermediate  trees  of  these  ages  still  retain  great  recuperative  power 
(Plate1  IX,  A),  have  approximately  the  same  height  as  dominant  trees, 
and  straighter,  clearer,  and  better  formed  stems  (Plate  XVII).  Such 
a  thinning  constitutes  a  combined  thinning  and  improvement  cutting. 
A  thinning  of  the  dominant  trees  at  this  age  will  remove  stems  with 
coarse  knots  which  would  saw  out  a  large  amount  of  low  grade  lumber, 
even  after  they  attained  large  diameters.  (Plate  XVI.)  It  also  has 
the  advantage  of  yielding  some  sawlog  timber,  thus  making  cutting  at  an 
early  age  remunerative.  On  the  poorer,  and  particularly,  on  the  drier, 
sites,  subsequent  thinnings  should  be  made  only  with  the  object  of  forc- 
ing the  development  in  diameter  of  the  largest  and  choicest  of  the  trees 
in  the  stand.  The  smaller  trees  which  are  crowding  the  better  trees, 
which  are  to  form  the  final  stand,  should  be  removed.  Thinnings  should 
be  repeated,  dependent  upon  their  severity,  at  intervals  of  from  5  to  15 
years.  Frequent  and  light  thinnings  are  preferable  to  heavy  ones  made 
at  long  intervals.  The  number  of  trees  per  acre  on  the  different  quality 
sites  decreases  in  natural  stands  at  different  rates  in  accordance  with 
the  age  of  the  stand  (Table  42).  This  rate  may  serve  as  a  guide  in 
making  thinnings  at  any  age.  Thinnings  are  less  effective  when  the 
first  one  is  deferred  until  the  stand  is  40  or  more  years  old. 

Artificial  thinnings  should  be  heavier  than  natural  thinnings,  but  never 
so  heavy  as  to  leave  large  openings  on  all  sides  of  the  best  trees  selected 
for  the  final  stand.  The  trees  which  are  removed  in  older  stands  should 
be  in  the  intermediate  and  codominant  crown  classes.  The  openings 
which  are  made  by  removals  should  be  closed  before  the  time  of  the  next 
thinning  in  order  to  secure  some  lateral  crowding  and  the  clearing  of  the 
stems  of  branches  before  they  become  too  stout  and  horizontal.  Since  the 
development  of  knots  l^  inches  in  diameter  causes  a  reduction  in  grade, 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY. 


PLATE  XXVI. 


Crown  cover  of  loblolly  pine,  Quality  II,  age  35  years.  Crowns  small  but  stems  clean. 
Stand  crowded,  in  urgent  need  of  thinning  to  develop  larger  crowns.  (Author's 
illustration.) 


N.  C.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SUUVKY. 


PLATE  XXVII. 


- 


Crown  cover  of  loblolly  pine,   Quality  II,   age  35  years.      Crowns  well  developed  and  sym- 
metrical.     Excellent  condition  for  rapid  individual  growth.      (Author's  illustration.) 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  161 

sufficient  density  should  be  maintained  to  prevent  the  development  of 
limbs  which  would  make  knots  of  this  size  on  the  lower  three  logs  on 
Quality  I  and  the  lower  two  logs  on  Qualities  II  and  III.  The  sup- 
pressed trees  need  not  be  removed.  They  make  small  demand  upon  soil 
moisture,  yet  serve  a  very  useful  purpose  on  account  of  their  low  crowns 
in.  shading  the  soil  and  lessening  drying  winds.  This  is  particularly 
applicable  to  very  dry  clay  sites;  less  so  to  very  sandy  sites.  When 
the  mature  stand  is  fully  developed,  it  can  be  removed  in  one  cutting 
or  in  several  cuttings  made  at  short  intervals. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  pure  even-aged  stands  of  loblolly  pine  offer 
unexcelled  inducements  for  thinnings  made  for  the  purpose  of  acceler- 
ating the  growth  of  the  individual  tree,  no  adequate  data  are  available, 
either  as  the  result  of  experience  in  commercial  forests  or  in  experi- 
mental plots  which  show  the  preferable  manner  in  which  thinnings 
should  be  executed,  their  cost  or  their  effects  upon  the  yield  of  the  stand. 
It  is  believed  that  by  proper  thinning  the  rate  of  diameter  growth  of 
all  trees  in  a  stand  can  be  stimulated  well  beyond  that  given  in  Table  71 
for  dominant  trees.  There  would  not  be  as  many  trees  per  acre  on  such 
thinned  stands  as  there  are  in  the  dominant  class  of  crowded  stands 
(Table  42),  but  the  larger  volume  per  tree  and  the  larger  amount  of 
saw  timber  would  more  than  compensate  for  the  smaller  number  of 
trees.  A  stand  containing  6,000  cubic  feet  per  acre  in  60  trees,  each  of 
which  will  yield  560  board  feet  (Tables  19  and  21)  or  36,000  feet  per 
acre  is  far  more  valuable  than  one  containing  6,000  cubic  feet  formed 
of  100  trees,  each  containing  300  board  feet  and  yielding  31,000  feet  per 
acre.  Not  only  .is  the  cost  of  operation  less,  there  being  50  per  cent 
more  logs  to  handle  in  the  stand  containing  the  larger  number  of  trees, 
but  in  addition  to  the  larger  yield  per  acre  the  stumpage  of  the  larger 
trees  is  intrinsically  more  valuable  per  unit  on  account  of  the  larger 
proportion  of  wide  stock  and  high  grades  it  will  yield.  (Pages  119 
to  127.) 

It  is  possible  however  to  determine  approximately  the  results  upon 
yield  of  very  intensive  thinnings  by  means  of  data  obtained  from  fully 
stocked  unthinned  stands.  Certain  trees  in  such  stands  on  account  of 
the  fact  that  they  are  less  crowded  and  have  more  growing  space  have 
outstripped  all  others  both  in  height  and  diameter.  These  are  the  pre- 
dominant trees  which  constitute  in  the  normal  unthinned  fully  stocked 
stand  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  of  the  number  of  dominant  trees. 
Not  only  have  they  larger  diameters  than  the  other  dominant  trees  but 
they  are  also  taller.  The  wide  range  of  diameters  of  trees  in  interme- 
diate and  dominant  crown  classes  which  enter  into  the  crown  cover 
is  shown  in  Table  1.  Had  the  density  of  the  more  crowded  portions  of 
the  stand  been  reduced  so  that  the  spacing  of  all  the  trees  equaled  that 
of  those  of  the  favored  predominant  class  there  would  have  been  fewer 

11 


162 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


trees  in  the  stand  but  their  individual  growth  should  have  equaled  that 
of  the  predominant  trees.  Careful  measurements  have  been  made  to 
determine  the  area  of  the  optimum  crown  space  required  for  the  growth 
of  dominant  trees  of  different  diameters  (at  different  ages)  on  different 
quality  sites.  Table  78  gives  the  crown  space  of  dominant  trees  and 
the  distance  between  trees,  while  in  Table  79  is  given  the  number  of 
such  trees  of  different  diameters  which  would  occupy  an  acre  without 
retarding  accretion. 

TABLE  78. — CROWN  SPACE,  DISTANCE  BETWEEN  TREES  AND   INDEX   OP  TOLERANCE  OF  DOMINANT 
TREES  OF  LOBLOLLY  PINE  OF  DIFFERENT  DIAMETERS  ON  DIFFERENT  QUALITY  SITES. 


Quality 

Dia- 
meter 

I 

II 

III 

breast- 

high 
Inches 

Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 

Distance 
between 
trees 

Feet 

Index 
of 
toler- 
ance 

Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 

Distance 
between 
trees 

Feet 

Index 
of 
toler- 
ance 

Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 

Distance 
between 
trees 

Feet 

Index 
of 
toler- 
ance 

8 

82 

10 

7.2 

102 

11 

8.6 

115 

12 

11.1 

9 

108 

12 

7.2 

137 

13 

8.7 

152 

14 

11.3 

10 

137 

13 

7.3 

170 

15 

8.9 

194 

16 

11.4 

11 

167 

15 

7.4 

210 

16 

9.1 

242 

18 

11.7 

12 

200 

16 

7.5 

240 

17 

9.3 

296 

19 

11.9 

13 

235 

17 

7.6 

296 

19 

9.5 

355 

21 

12.2 

14 

279 

19 

7.8 

345 

21 

9.8 

415 

23 

12.6 

15 

329 

20 

7.9 

396 

22 

10.2 

474 

25 

13.0 

16 

366 

22 

8.1 

450 

24 

10.6 

532 

26 

13.4 

17 

409 

23 

8.4 

506 

25 

11.1 

590 

27 

13.9 

18 

453 

24 

8.7 

563 

27 

11.6 

648 

29 

14.4 

19 

501 

25 

9.0 

622 

28 

12.1 

710 

30 

15.0 

20 

553 

27 

9.4 

680 

29 

12.7 

780 

32 

15.6 

21 

605 

28 

9.9 

742 

31 

13.3 

22 

659 

29 

10.4 

802 

32 

13.9 

23 

733 

31 

11.0 

24 

920 

34 

11.5 

The  trees  which  enter  into  the  crown  cover  can  be  so  thinned  as  to 
give  each  tree  the  optimum  crown  space  required  for  that  diameter :  if 
the  crown  space  is  less  than  the  optimum  (Plate  XXVII),  although 
there  are  more  trees  per  acre,  the  accretion  of  the  individual  tree  is 
retarded;  if  it  exceeds  the  optimum  the  stand  is  understocked.  (Plate 
VI,  A.) 

Table  79,  to  show  yield  of  thinned  stand  and  yield  of  thinnings,  gives 
the  average  diameter  of  the  predominant  trees  in  stands  of  different 
ages  on  different  quality  sites;  the  number  of  such  trees  which  could 
occupy  an  acre  as  determined  by  the  areas  of  their  crown  spaces;  the 
total  yield  of  such  stands,  and  the  yield  of  the  trees  removed  in  thin- 
ning ;  the  full  value  of  the  entire  stand  at  different  ages,  and  the  value  of 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  163 

the  trees  removed  in  thinnings.  In  fixing  stumpage  values  for  the  trees 
in  the  younger  stands  a  deduction  has  been  made  from  the  values  given 
in  Tables  59  to  64  to  allow  for  the  difference  in  age.  It  is  believed,  how- 
ever, that  the  stumpage  in  thinned  stands  at  all  ages  after  the  first  thin- 
ning will  be  more  valuable  than  that  in  unthinned  stands  of  the  same 
age  if,  as  recommended,  the  roughest  dominant  trees  are  removed  in  the 
preliminary  thinning  and  improvement  cutting  leaving  as  the  basis  for 
the  ultimate  mature  stand  the  clean  stemmed  intermediate  and  codomi- 
nant  trees.  (Plates  XVI;  XVII.)  On  account  of  the  high  cost  of 
making  thinnings  the  stumpage  value  of  the  trees  removed  in  making 
thorn  has  been  placed  at  $2  per  1,000  board  feet  less  than  the  stumpage 
value  of  the  timber  in  the  entire  stand. 


164 


LOBLOLLY    OR   NORTH   CAROLINA   PINE. 


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LOBLOLLY    OK   NORTH    CAROLINA   PINE.  165 

By  comparing  the  values  of  the  thinned  stands  in  Tahle  79  with  those 
given  for  unthinned  stands  in  Table  71  it  is  seen  that  thinnings  increase 
the  value  of  the  stands  on  Qualities  I  and  II.  The  values  of  Quality 
III  stands,  however,  are  reduced.  This  shows  as  has  been  pointed  out 
in  a  previous  paper*  that  "the  chief  value  of  the  thinnings  in  the  older 
stands  on  dry  soils  is  to  save  the  tree  which  would  be  lost  by  dying. 
There  would  be  comparatively  little  accelerated  growth  on  this  quality 
for  natural  thinning  takes  place  so  rapidly  that  there  is  no  prolonged 
crowding  to  retard  the  diameter  increment  of  the  dominant  trees." 
Thinnings,  however,  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  stands  on  good  sites, 
and  if  the  value  of  the  material  saved  in  the  thinnings  is  taken  into  con- 
sideration they  are  probably  profitable  on  all  sites  except  the  very  wet. 
(Table  79,  last  column.) 

It  should  be  understood,  however,  that  the  theoretical  yields  for 
thinned  stands  which  are  given  in  Table  79  are  obtainable  only  under 
ideal  conditions  of  equal  spacing  which  could  not  be  realized  in  practice. 
The  crown  space  for  each  tree  can  not  be  progressively  increased  to  meet 
its  requirements;  some  trees  or  some  sides  of  certain  trees  will  at  times 
invariably  be  crowded ;  while  on  account  of  the  removal  of  large  interven- 
ing crowns  some  other  trees  will  have  too  much  space.  In  practice  it  is 
possible  to  be  guided  only  in  a  general  way  by  the  distance  between  adja- 
cent trees,  or  by  the  number  of  trees  per  acre.  The  real  guide  at  all  times 
of  what  trees  to  remove  and  how  heavily  to  thin  must  be  the  interference 
of  crowns  (Plates  XI,  XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XXVII)  and  the  less  promis- 
ing trees  must  be  removed  here  and  there  where  the  conditions  allow  it 
to  be  done  without  making  extremely  large  openings  in  the  crown  cover. 
(Plate  XXII.) 

Mere  thinnings  can  .seldom  be  made  on  large  tracts  which  are  managed 
for  the  production  of  sawmill  timber  and  require  the  building  of  rail- 
roads for  profitable  logging.  (Page  137.)  Loblolly  pine  occupies,  how- 
ever, in  pure,  even-aged  stands  a  large  area  of  farm  forest  in  thickly 
settled  communities,  either  near  towns  or  near  factories  which  assure  a 
continuous  market  for  cordwood.  Such  conditions  not  only  render  thin- 
nings possible  and  profitable  for  their  influence  upon  the  development  of 
the  mature  stand,  but  in  many  cases  will  be  financially  profitable  by 
themselves.  The  farmer,  however,  can  profitably  apply  intensive  meth- 
ods of  management,  which  are  impossible  on  large  tracts.  Under  certain 
conditions  thinnings  can  undoubtedly  also  be  made  in  stands  managed 
for  the  production  of  timber  for  pulp,  stave,  crate,  and  heading  stock; 
or  for  the  production  of  timber  for  these  uses  in  connection  with  the  pro- 
duction of  large  sized  timber  for  saw  logs. 

The  gradual  felling  of  the  larger  trees  in  the  even  aged  loblolly  pine 
stands  which  has  been  recommended  (pages  151  and  following)  as  a 


•Management  of  Loblolly  and  Shortleaf  Pines,  Proc.  Soo.  Am.  Foresters,  1910,  Page  97. 


166  LOBLOLLY  OK  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 

tentative  method  of  cutting,  that  will  result  in  larger  yields  than  clean 
cutting,  is  not  thinning.  It  has  the  effect  of  freeing  the  smaller  trees 
which  on  certain  sites  are  stimulated  into  accelerated  growth,  but  the 
ultimate  results  are  very  different  from  those  obtained  by  thinning. 
Under  gradual  felling  the  merchantable  trees  are  removed  while  yet  of 
medium  diameter  in  order  to  obtain  early  cuttings.  The  object  of  thin- 
nings is  to  obtain  timber  of  large  diameters;  the  removal  of  the  main 
stand  consequently  is  deferred. 

ARTIFICIAL  RESTOCKING. 

Gathering  of  Seed. 

Seed  should  be  collected  in  September  or  early  in  October  before 
heavy  frosts  have  opened  the  cones.  (Plate  II.)  The  cones  are  fre- 
quently still  green  in  September  but  if  the  seed  are  firm  they  will  germi- 
nate. Cones  can  be  secured  from  trees  which  are  being  cut  where  lum- 
bering is  in  progress,  and  should  be  taken  from  dominant,  thrifty,  mid- 
dle-aged, or  older  trees  rather  than  from  young  trees  or  from  codominant 
or  suppressed  ones,  since  not  only  is  the  percentage  of  sound  seed  higher 
from  such  trees  but  it  is  genetically  undesirable  that  the  specimens  of 
poorest  growth  should  be  the  source  of  seed.  Not  less  than  50  per  cent 
of  fresh  seed  from  such  trees  should  be  germinable.  The  cones  after 
sunning  until  they  begin  to  open  should  be  placed  in  sacks  or  loose 
barrels  in  a  dry  but  well  ventilated  building  until  they  are  fully 
open,  when  the  seed  can  be  flailed  out.  To  prevent  the  seed  from 
mildewing,  the  sacks  or  barrels  should  be  occasionally  turned,  or  the 
cones  can  be  stored  in  shallow  trays  with  bottoms  of  slats  or  wire  net- 
ting, the  trays  being  on  racks  in  an  airy  chamber  so  as  to  secure  ven- 
tilation. 

The  seed  are  flattened,  about  ^  inch  long,  nearly  black,  and  are 
attached  to  a  shining  brown  wing  %  inch  long.  There  are  about  20,000 
cleaned  seed  to  a  pound.  The  price  per  pound  usually  varies  from  $1.50 
when  bought  directly  from  collectors,  to  $2.50  if  bought  from  dealers. 
The  collection  of  seed  should  be  profitable.  It  is  estimated  that  two 
bushels  of  unopened  cones  will  yield  a  pound  of  seed. 

Seedbeds. 

Seedbeds  should  be  prepared  in  fertile,  loamy,  or  mellow  soil,  prefer- 
ably on  a  rather  moist  site.  The  soil  is  best  prepared  by  cultivating 
several  times  during  the  year  preceding  planting.  The  weed  seed  can 
be  killed  by  burning  the  soil  as  is  done  in  preparing  tobacco  beds.  Beds 
are  usually  made  4  or  5  feet  wide,  the  rows  being  located  across  the 
bed.  The  seed  should  be  planted  in  February  or  March,  or,  near  the 
coast,  early  in  autumn,  about  14  inch  deep  in  thin  rows  about  8  inches 


LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  167 

apart.  A  pound  of  seed  is  sufficient  to  plant  300  feet  of  drill.  The 
seeds  sprout  in  a  few  weeks  and  the  seedlings,  should  be  from  8  to  12 
inches  high  by  the  end  of  the  first  season,  when  they  should  be  perma- 
nently planted.  If  the  bed  is  located  on  moist  soil  or  where  it  receives 
partial  shade,  as  in  a  small  clearing  in  the  forest,  no  shading  will  be 
required.  On  very  dry  soil  it  will  be  desirable  to  shade  lightly  by  a 
screen  made  of  slats  or  boughs  on  a  frame  2  or  3  feet  above  the  seedbed. 
If  the  bed  is  located  in  the  forest  a  deep  trench  should  be  dug  around 
it  to  prevent  the  roots  of  nearby  trees  from  draining  it  of  moisture.  A 
liberal  application  of  ashes  to  the  seedbed  two  or  three  weeks  before 
planting  and  well  worked  in  makes  the  plants  more  thrifty  and  stockier 
and  gives  a  more  compact  and  better  developed  root  system.  The  soil 
of  the  seedbed  must  not  be  wet,  since  this  may  lead  to  "damping  off" 
of  the  plants  when  very  young.  This  is  a  disease  caused  by  a  fungus 
which  may  attack  and -destroy  the  stem  if  plants  are  over-crowded  in 
seedbeds  although  so  far  it  has  not  been  known  to  attack  loblolly  pine. 

Planting. 

Loblolly  pine  reproduces  only  from  seed.  Plantations  can  be  started 
either  by  young  plants  or  by  direct  seeding.  Direct  seeding  is  cheaper 
and  under  most  conditions  is  more  satisfactory  on  account  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  transplanting  the  young  pines.  It  is  desirable  to  use  plants 
only  on  land  which  is  very  foul  and  on  which  young  seedlings  might  be 
smothered.  One-year-old  wild  seedling  plants  can  be  used  in  place 
of  nursery  grown  stock.  Planting  should  be  done  during  late  winter  or 
early  in  the  spring.  Fall  planting,  except  on  wet  soils,  is  not  advisable. 
Planting  is  most  quickly  done  by  two  persons,  one. making  the  holes 
with  a  mattock,  the  other  carrying  the  plants  in  a  box  strapped  over  the 
left  shoulder.  The  plant  is  held  upright  in  the  hole  with  one  hand; 
the  roots  are  spread  out  with  the  other;  the  earth  is  drawn  up  to  the 
plant  with  the  foot  and  firmly  pressed  around  it  on  both  sides  with  the 
feet.  Every  precaution  must  be  taken  to  prevent  the  roots  of  the  plants 
in  the  box  from  drying  out;  they  should,  therefore,  be  kept  all  the 
time  covered  with  a  thick  wet  cloth.  It  is  preferable  to  puddle  the  roots 
on  lifting  the  plants  from  the  seedbed  by  dipping  them  in  a  thick  mud, 
so  as  to  coat  them  thoroughly.  On  the  better  soils  planting  can  well  be 
made  6  by  6  feet;  on  the  poorer,  5  by  5  feet.  "When  the  condition  of 
the  surface  will  permit  it,  furrows  can  be  laid  off  with  a  plow  the 
desired  distance  apart,  and  one  man  can  plant  in  these  furrows  without 
assistance.  On  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its  growth  it  would  seldom 
be  necessary  to  cultivate  a  plantation  unless  on  dry  and  heavy  clay  soils. 

Direct  Seeding. 

On  account  of  the  large  proportion  of  sound  seed,  the  ease  of  germina- 
tion and  the  hardiness  and  rapidity  of  growth  of  the  young  plant,  direct 
seeding  succeeds  remarkably  well.  This  can  ba  either  broadcast  sowing 
or  by  seed  spot  planting. 


168  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

Broadcast  sowing  should  be  made  early  in  March.  If  the  surface  is 
very  foul  with  weeds  or  brush,  the  larger  brush  should  be  cut  with  axes 
or  brush  hooks  in  strips  early  in  winter  and  piled  in  windrows  against 
living  brush.  In  early  spring,  when  thoroughly  dry,  it  should  be 
burned  clean  and  the  seed  sown  after  the  first  rain.  From  three  to  four 
pounds  of  seed  per  acre  are  required  for  direct  seeding  without  covering. 
If  there  is  a  heavy  sod,  it  can  be  burnt  and  the  ground  harrowed  with 
a  disk  or  tooth  harrow  before  seeding  and  the  seed  covered  with  a 
weeder  after  seeding  two  or  three  pounds  of  seed  per  acre.  On  plowed 
ground  seed  should  be  broadcast  at  the  rate  of  1%  to  2  pounds  to  the 
acre  and  covered  with  a  weeder.  It  is  desirable  to  mix  the  seed  with 
one-half  bushel  of  slacked  ashes  or  earth,  as  is  done  with  turnip  seed,  in 
order  to  secure  a  uniform  distribution. 

Seed  spot  sowing  requires  less  seed  than  broadcast.  Droppings  can  be 
done  either  like  corn  or  peas  at  places  4  by  4  feet,  or  furrows  can  be 
laid  off  four  feet  apart,  the  seed  dropped  at  distances  of  4  feet  in  the 
furrows  and  lightly  covered  ^  to  %  inch  with  earth.  The  soil  can  be 
either  plowed  or  unplowed.  Plowing  is  seldom  justified.  On  smooth, 
clean,  sandy  land  where  there  are  few  bushes,  stumps,  or  little  sod,  it  is 
possible  to  plant  with  a  horse  corn  or  pea-planter,  such  as  the  Cole  com- 
bination planter.  A  plate  with  one  small  hole  can  be  used  which  will 
drop  several  seed  every  4  feet.  The  seed  should  be  thoroughly  mixed 
with  dry  ashes.  It  is  necessary  to  adjust  plow  point  and  coverer  so  that 
the  seed  are  covered  the  necessary  depth.  On  rough  soil  a  hand  corn- 
planter  can  be  used,  adjusted  for  the  small  pine  seed.  If  planting  is 
done  by  hand  the  soil  should  be  loosened  with  a  mattock  for  6  inches 
square  and  to  a  depth  of  3  to  5  inches  and  from  10  to  15  seed  should 
be  dropped  in  each  spot  and  covered  not  more  than  one-half  inch. 
From  one  to  two  pounds  of  seed  is  ample  for  seed  spot  planting.  On 
most  portions  of  the  sandy  longleaf  pine  lands  the  conditions  permit  the 
use  of  a  planter.  Since  from  3  to  6  acres  of  land  can  be  planted  in 
a  day  by  this  means,  the  planting  of  these  lands  in  loblolly  pine,  at  a 
total  cost  of  planting  of  $2  to  $3  an  acre,  would  be,  with  adequate  pro- 
tection from  fire,  advisable  from  an  investment  standpoint.  It  is  nec- 
essary in  all  plantations  to  furnish  absolute  protection  against  fire. 

Advisability  of  Loblolly  Pine  Planting. 

At  the  present  prices  of  pine  stumpage  it  is  possible  to  grow  loblolly 
pine  in  plantations  profitably  in  places  where  land  of  good  growing 
capacity  can  be  purchased  cheaply.  Plantations  should  never  be  made 
on  land  which  naturally  stocks  in  pine,  since  in  such  a  case  the  cost  of 
planting  adds  unnecessary  expense.  Neither  should  it  be  undertaken  on 
land  which  has  a  value  greater  than  $10  an  acre.  If  the  land  has  a 
value  of  $10  an  acre  and  a  producing  capacity  equal  to  that  of  upland 
old  fields  of  good  quality,  about  Quality  Site  II,  and  the  cost  of  seed  spot 


LOBLOLLY    OB    NOKTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 


169 


planting,  including  seed  and  labor,  does  not  exceed  $3  an  acre,  the  cost 
of  growing  1,000  board  feet  of  timber  under  an  interest  rate  of  6  per 
cent  a  year,  in  an  unthinned  stand,  is  as  shown  in  Table  80. 

TABLE  80. — COST  PER  1,000  BOARD  FEET  OF  GROWING  LOBLOLLY  PINE  IN  PLANTATIONS. 

QUALITY  II. 


Age  of 
stand 

Years 

_Accumulated  costs  on  an 
initial  investment  of  $13 
an  acre,  interest  at  6  per 
cent  a  year,  less  the 
value  of  the  land 

Yield  of  stand  in 
board  feet 

Cost  of  growing 
stumpage  per  1,000 
board  feet 

Value  (Jan.  1913)*per 
1,000  feet  B.  M.,  of 
stumpage  based  on 
Quality  II,  operating 
cost  $13  per  1,000 

30 

$  64.62 

16,000 

$  4.04 

$  2.50 

35 

89.84 

21,850 

4.10 

2.60 

40 

123  .77 

26,850 

4.58 

2.85 

45 

168.88 

30,850 

5.45 

3.20 

Plantations  can  be  made  consequently  with  an  initial  investment  of 
$13  an  acre  with  the  expectation  of  netting  at  least  5  per  cent,  com- 
pounded, provided  there  is  an  increase  of  $1.50  per  1,000  feet  in  the 
price  of  stumpage  in  a  stand  at  35  years;  an  increase  of  $1.75  in  a 
stand  at  40  years  old,  and  an  increase  of  $2.25  in  a  stand  at  45  years. 
The  increase  of  $1.50  in  35  years  is  less  than  %  of  one  per  cent  a  year 
on  the  present  value  of  stumpage  per  1,000  feet.  The  cost  of  growing 
on  other  quality  sites  can  be  easily  calculated  by  means  of  Table  38. 
The  present  value  of  stumpage  can  be  approximated  from  Tables  59  to 
64.  Tn  case  stands  are  thinned  the  cost  of  growing  is  affected  as  shown 
in  Table  79. 


PUBLICATIONS 

OF   THE 

NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY 


BULLETINS. 

1.  Iron  Ores  of  North  Carolina,  by  Henry  B.  C.  Nitze,  1893.     8°,  239  pp.,  20 
pi.,  and  map.     Out  of  print. 

2.  Building  and  Ornamental  Stones  in  North  Carolina,  by  T.  L.  Watson  and 
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10.  Gold  Mining  in  North  Carolina  and  other  Appalachian  States,  by  Henry 
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11.  Corundum  and  the  Basic  Magnesian  Rocks  of  Western  North  Carolina, 
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Laney,  1910.     8°,  137  pp.,  23  pi.,  5  figs.     Postage  15  cents. 

22.  A  Report  on  the  Cid  Mining  District,  Davidson  County,  N.  C.,  by  J.  E. 
Pogue,  Jr.,  1911.     8°,  144  pp.,  22  pi.,  5  figs.     Postage  15  cents. 

23.  Forest  Conditions  in  Western  North  Carolina,  by  J.  S.  Holmes  1911. 
8°,  115  pp.,  8  pi.     Postage  15  cents. 


172  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

24.  Loblolly  or  North  Carolina  Pine,  by  W.  W.  Ashe,  Forest  Inspector,  U.  S. 
Forest  Service  (and  former  Forester  of  the  North  Carolina  Geological  and 
Economic  Survey).  Pepared  in  Cooperation  with  the  Forest  Service,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  1914.  8°,  176  pp.,  27  plates,  5  figs.  Postage 
10  cents. 

ECONOMIC  PAPERS. 

1.  The  Maple  sugar  Industry  in  Western  North  Carolina,  by  W.  W.  Ashe, 
1897.    8°,  34  pp.    Postage  2  cents. 

2.  Recent  Road  Legislation  in  North  Carolina,  by  J.  A.  Holmes.     Out  of 
print. 

3.  Talc  and  Pyrophyllite  Deposits  in  North  Carolina,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
1900.     8°,  29  pp.,  2  maps.    Postage  2  cents. 

4.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1900,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1901.    8°,  36  pp.,  and  map.    Postage  2  cents. 

Takes  up  in  some  detail  Occurrences  of  Goll,  Silver,  Lead  and  Zinc,  Copper,  Iron  Mangan- 
ese, Corundum,  Granite,  Mica,  Talc,  Pyrophyllite,  Graphite,  Kaolin,  Gem  Minerals,  Monazite, 
Tungsten,  Building  Stones,  and  Coal  in  North  Carolina. 

5.  Road  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  by  J.  A.  Holmes.     Out  of  print. 

6.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1901,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1902.    8°,  102  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Gives  a  List  of  Minerals  found  in  North  Carolina;  describes  the  Treatment  of  Sulphuret 
Gold  Ores,  giving  localities;  takes  up  the  Occurrence  of  Copper  in  the  Virgilina,  Gold  Hill, 
and  Ore  Knob  districts;  gives  Occurrence  and  Uses  of  Corundum;  a  List  of  Garnets,  describ- 
ing Localities;  the  Occurrence,  Associated  Minerals,  Uses  and  Localities  of  Mica;  the  Occur- 
rence of  North  Carolina  Feldspar,  with  Analyses;  an  extended  description  of  North  Carolina 
Gems  and  Gem  Minerals;  Occurrences  of  Monazite,  Barytes,  Ocher ;  describes  and  gives  Oc- 
currences of  Graphite  and  Coal;  describes  and  gives  Occurrences  of  Building  Stones,  including 
Limestone ;  describes  and  gives  Uses  for  the  various  forms  of  Clay ;  and  under  the  head  of 
"Other  Economic  Minerals,"  describes  and  gives  Occurrences  of  Chromite,  Asbestos  and  Zircon. 

7.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1902,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
1903.     8°,  27  pp.     Out  of  print. 

8.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1903,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1904.    8°,  74  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Gives  descriptions  of  Mines  worked  for  Gold  in  1903;  descriptions  of  Properties  worked  for 
Copper  during  1903,  together  with  assay  of  ore  from  Twin-Edwards  Mine;  Analyses  of  Limon- 
ite  ore  from  Wilson  Mine;  the  Occurrence  of  Tin;  in  some  detail  the  Occurrences  of  Abrasives; 
Occurrences  of  Monazite  and  Zircon;  Occurrences  and  Varieties  of  Graphite,  giving  Methods 
of  Cleaning;  Occurrences  of  Marble  and  other  forms  of  Limestone;  Analyses  of  Kaolin  from 
Barber  Creek,  Jackson  County,  North  Carolina. 

9.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1904,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1905.    8°,  95  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Gives  Mines  Producing  Gold  and  Silver  during  1903  and  1904  and  Sources  of  the  Gold 
Produced  during  1904;  describes  the  mineral  Chromite,  giving  Analyses  of  Selected  Samples 
of  Chromite  from  Mines  in  Yancey  County ;  describes  Commercial  Varieties  of  Mica,  giving  the 
manner  in  which  it  occurs  in  North  Carolina,  Percentage  of  Mica  in  the  Dikes,  Methods  of 
Mining,  Associated  Minerals,  Localities,  Uses;  describes  the  mineral  Barytes,  giving  Method  of 
Cleaning  and  Preparing  Barytes  for  Market;  describes  the  use  of  Monazite  as  used  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Preparation  of  the  Bunsen  Burner,  and  goes  into  the  use  of  Zircon  in  connection 
with  the  Nernst  Lamp,  giving  a  List  of  the  Principal  Yttrium  Minerals;  describes  the  minerals 
containing  Corundum  Gems,  Hiddenite  and  Other  Gem  Minerals,  and  gives  New  Occurrences 
of  these  Gems;  describes  the  mineral  Graphite  and  gives  new  Uses  for  same. 

10.  Oyster  Culture  in  North  Carolina,  by  Robert  E.  Coker,  1905.    8°,  39  pp. 
Out  of  print. 

11.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1905,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1906.    8°,  95  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Describes  the  mineral  Cobalt  and  the  principal  minerals  that  contain  Cobalt;  Corundum 
Localities;  Monazite  and  Zircon  in  C9nsiderable  detail,  giving  Analyses  of  Thorianite;  describes 
Tantalum  Minerals  and  gives  description  of  the  Tantalum  Lamp;  gives  brief  description  of 
Peat  Deposits;  the  manufacture  of  Sand-lime  Brick;  Operations  of  Concentrating  Plant  in 
Black  Sand  Investigations;  gives  Laws  Relating  to  Mines,  Coal  Mines,  Mining,  Mineral  Inter- 
est in  Land,  Phosphate  Rock,  Marl  Beds. 

12.  Investigations  Relative  to  the  Shad  Fisheries  of  North   Carolina,  by 
John  N.  Cobb,  1906.     8°,  74  pp.,  8  maps.     Postage  6  cents. 

13.  Report  of  Committee  on   Fisheries   in   North   Carolina.     Compiled   by 
Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1906.     8°,  78  pp.     Out  of  print. 

14.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1906,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1907.    8°,  144  pp.,  20  pi.,  and  5  figs.    Postage  10  cents. 

Under  the  head  of  "Recent  Changes  in  Gold  Mining  in  North  Carolina,"  gives  methods  of 
mining,  describing  Log  Washers,  Square  Sets,  Cyanide  Plants,  etc.,  and  detailed  descriptions 


LOBLOLLY   OE   NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  173 

of  Gold  Deposits  and  Mines  are  given;  Copper  Deposits  of  Swain  County  are  described;  Mica 
Deposits  of  western  North  Carolina  are  described,  giving  distribution  and  General  Character, 
General  Geology,  Occurrence,  Associated  Minerals,  Mining  and  Treatment  of  Mica,  Origin, 
together  with  a  description  of  many  of  the  mines;  Monazite  is  taken  up  in  considerable  detail 
as  to  Location  and  Occurrence,  Geology,  including  classes  of  Rocks,  Age,  Associations,  Weath- 
ering, method  of  Mining  and  Cleaning,  description  of  Monazite  in  Original  Matrix. 

15.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1907,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1908.    8°,  176  pp.,  13  pi.,  and  4  figs.    Postage  15  cents. 

Takes  up  in  detail  the  Copper  of  the  Gold  Hill  Copper  District;  a  description  of  the  Uses 
of  Monazite  and  its  Associated  Minerals;  descriptions  of  Ruby,  Emerald,  Beryl,  Hiddenite,  and 
Amethyst  Localities;  a  detailed  description  with  Analyses  of  the  Principal  Mineral  Springs  of 
North  Carolina;  a  description  of  the  Peat  Formations  in  North  Carolina,  together  with  a  de- 
tailed account  of  the  Uses  of  Peat  and  the  Results  of  an  Experiment  Conducted  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  on  Peat  from  Elizabeth  City,  North  Carolina. 

16.  Report  of  Convention  called  by  Governor  R.  B.  Glenn  to  Investigate  the 
Fishing  Industries  in  North  Carolina,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State 
Geologist,  1908.     8°,  45  pp.     Out  of  print. 

17.  Proceedings  of  Drainage  Convention  held  at  New  Bern,  North  Carolina, 
September  9,  1908.     Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1908.     8°,  94  pp.     Out  of 
print. 

18.  Proceedings  of  Second  Annual  Drainage  Convention  held  at  New  Bern, 
North  Carolina,  November  11  and  12,  1909,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
and  containing  North  Carolina  Drainage  Law,  1909.     8°,  50  pp.     Out  of  print. 

19.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1909,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester, 

1910.  8°,  52  pp.,  9  pi.     Out  of  print. 

20.  Wood-using  Industries  of  North  Carolina,  by  Roger  E.  Simmons,  under 
the  direction  of  J.   S.  Holmes  and  H.   S.   Sackett,   1910.     8°,   74   pp.,   6  pi. 
Postage  7  cents. 

21.  Proceedings   of  the   Third   Annual   Drainage   Convention,   held   under 
Auspices  of  the  North  Carolina  Drainage  Association;  and  the  North  Carolina 
Drainage  Law  (codified).     Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1911.     8°,  67  pp., 
3  pi.     Out  of  print. 

22.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1910,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester, 

1911.  8°,  48  pp.     Out  of  print. 

23.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1908,  '09,  and  '10,  by  Joseph 
Hyde  Pratt  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  1911.     8°,  134  pp.,  1  pi.,  27  figs.    Postage 
10  cents. 

Gives  report  on  Virgilina  Copper  District  of  Nprth  Carolina  and  Virginia,  by  F.  B.  Laney; 
Detailed  report  on  Mica  Deposits  of  North  Carolina,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  Detailed  report 
on  Monazite,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  Reports  on  various  Gem  Minerals,  by  Douglas  B.  Ster- 
rett; Information  and  Analyses  concerning  certain  Mineral  Springs;  Extract  from  Chance 
Report  of  the  Dan  River  and  Deep  River  Coal  Fields;  Some  notes  on  the  Peat  Industry,  by 
Professor  Charles  A.  Davis;  Extract  from  report  of  Arthur  Keith  on  the  Nantahala  Marble; 
Description  of  the  manufacture  of  Sand-lime  Brick. 

24.  Fishing  Industry  of  North  Carolina,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1911.     8°,  44 
pp.     Out  of  print. 

25.  Proceedings  of  Second  Annual  Convention  of  the  North  Carolina  For- 
estry Association,  held  at  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  February  21,  1912.     Forest 
Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1911.     Suggested  Forestry  Legislation.     Com- 
piled by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1912.     8°,  71  pp.    Postage  5  cents. 

26.  Proceedings  of  Fourth  Annual  Drainage  Convention,  held  at  Elizabeth 
City,  North  Carolina,  November  15  and  16,  1911,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1912.    8°,  45  pp.    Postage  3  cents. 

27.  Highway  Work  in  North  Carolina,  containing  a  Statistical  Report  of 
Road  Work  during  1911  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss 
H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary,  1912.     8°,  145  pp.,  11  figs.    Postage  10  cents. 

28.  Culverts  and  Small  Bridges  for  Country  Roads  in  North  Carolina,  by 
C.  R.  Thomas  and  T.  F.  Hickerson,  1912.    8°,  56  pp.,  14  figs.,  20  pi.    Postage 
10  cents. 

29.  Report  of  the  Fisheries  Convention  held  at  New  Bern,  N.  C.,  December 
13,  1911,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  together  with  a 
Compendium  of  the  Stenographic  Notes  of  the  Meetings  Held  on  the  Two 
trips  taken  by  the  Legislative  Fish  Committee  Appointed  by  the  General  As- 


174  LOBLOLLY    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA    PISTE. 

sembly  of  1909,  and  the  Legislation  Recommended  by  this  Committee,  1912. 
8°,  302  pp.    Postage  15  cents. 

30.  Proceedings  of  the  Annual   Convention   of  the  North   Carolina   Good 
Roads  Association  held  at  Charlotte,  N.  C.,  August  1  and  2,  1912,  in  Coopera- 
tion with  the  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey.     Compiled 
by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,   State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.   M.  Berry,   Secretary, 
1912.    8°,  109  pp.    Postage  10  cents. 

31.  Proceedings   of   Fifth   Annual   Drainage   Convention   held   at   Raleigh, 
N.  C.,  November  26  and  27,  1912.     Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,   State 
Geologist.     8°,  56  pp.,  6  pi.     Postage  5  cents. 

32.  Public   Roads   are   Public    Necessities,    by   Joseph    Hyde    Pratt,    State 
Geologist,  1913.     8°,  62  pp.     Postage  5  cents. 

33.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1912  and  National  and  Associa- 
tion Cooperative  Fire  Control,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1913.     8°,  63  pp. 
Postage  5  cents. 

34.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  during  1911-12,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1914.     8°,  314  pp.,  23  pi.,  12  figs.     Postage  30  cents. 

Gives  detailed  report  on  Gold  Mining  in  various  counties  with  special  report  on  Metal- 
lurgical Processes  used  at  the  lola  Mine,  by  Claud  Haf er ;  description  of  a  Cyanide  Mill, 
by  Percy  Barbour;  The  new  Milling  Process  for  treating  North  Carolina  Siliceous  Gold  Ores 
at  the  Montgomery  Mine,  including  a  description  of  the  Uwarrie  Mining  Company's  Plant; 
notes  on  the  Carter  Mine,  Montgomery  County,  by  Claud  Hafer;  also  a  description  of  the 
Howie  Mine  and  its  mill;  a  detailed  report  on  the  Coggins  (Appalachian)  Gold  Mine,  by 
Joseph  Hyde  Pratt;  a  list  of  gems  and  gem  minerals  occurring  in  the  United  States;  special 
descriptions  of  Localities  where  the  Amethyst,  Beryl,  Emerald,  and  Quartz  Gems  Occur  as 
taken  from  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  a  report  on  the 
Dan  River  Coal  Field,  by  R.  W.  Stone,  as  reprinted  from  Bulletin  471-B  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey;  a  special  report  on  Graphite,  by  Edson  S.  Bastin  and  reprinted  from  Min- 
eral Resources  of  United  States  for  1912 ;  a  special  report  on  Asbestos  describing  both  the 
Amphibole  and  Chrysotile  varieties;  a  report  on  the  Mount  Airy  Granite  Quarry;  special  report 
on  Sand  and  Gravel,  giving  Uses,  Definitions  of  Various  Sands,  etc. ;  the  portion  of  a  Bulletin 
on  Feldspar  and  Kaolin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  which  relates  to  North  Carolina, 
and  which  takes  up  in  detail  Occurrences,  Methods  of  Mining,  and  Descriptions  of  Localities 
of  Feldspar  and  Kaolin  mines  in  North  Carolina,  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Watts.  In  this  Eco- 
nomic Paper  are  also  given  the  names  and  addresses  of  Producers  of  the  various  minerals 
during  the  years  covered  by  the  report. 

35.  Good  Roads  Days,  November  5th  and  6th,  1913,  compiled  by  Joseph 
Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary.     8°,  102  pp., 
11  pi.     Postage  10  cents. 

36.  Proceedings  of  the  North  Carolina  Good   Roads  Association,   held   at 
Morehead  City,  N.  C.,  July  31st  and  August  1st,  1913.  In  Cooperation  with  the 
North    Carolina    Geological    and    Economic    Survey. — Statistical    Report    of 
Highway  Work  in  North  Carolina  during  1912.     Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary.     8°,  127  pp.,  7  figs. 
Postage  10  cents. 

37.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1913  and  a  Summary  of  State 
Forest  Fire  Prevention  in  the  United  States,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1914. 
8°,  82  pp.     Postage  8  cents. 

38.  Forms  covering  the  Organization  of  Drainage  Districts  under  the  North 
Carolina  Drainage  Law,  Chapter  442,  Public  Laws  of  1909,  and  Amendments. 
And  Forms  for  Minutes  of  Board  of  Drainage  Commissioners  covering  the 
Organization  of  the  Board  up  to  and  Including  the  Issuing  of  the  Drainage 
Bonds.     Compiled  by  Geo.  R.  Boyd,  Drainage  Engineer,   1914.     8°,   133  pp.' 
Postage  10  cents. 

39.  Proceedings  of  the  Good  Roads  Institute  held  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  March  17-19,  1914.     Held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Departments  of 
Civil  and  Highway  Engineering  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and 
The  North   Carolina   Geological   and   Economic   Survey,   1914.     8°,   117   pp., 
15  figs.,  4  pi.    Postage  10  cents. 

VOLUMES. 

Vol.  I.  Corundum  and  the  Basic  Magnesian  Rocks  in  Western  North  Caro- 
lina, by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt  and  J.  Volney  Lewis,  1905.  8°,  464  pp.,  44  pi., 
35  figs.  Postage  32  cents.  Cloth-bound  copy  30  cents  extra. 

Vol.  II.  Fishes  of  North  Carolina,  by  H.  M.  Smith,  1907.  8°,  453  pp.,  21 
pi.,  188  figs.  Postage  30  cents. 


LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE.  175 

Vol.  III.  The  Coastal  Plain  Deposits  of  North  Carolina,  by  William  Bullock 
Clark,  Benjamin  L.  Miller,  L.  W.  Stephenson,  B.  L.  Johnson  and  Horatio  N. 
Parker,  1912.  8°,  509  pp.,  62  pi.,  21  figs.  Postage  85  cents. 

Pt.  I. — The  riiy.Mography  and  Geology  of  the  Coastal  Plain  of  North  Carolina,  by  Wm. 
Bullock  Clark,  Benjamin  L.  Miller,  and  L.  W.  Stephenson. 

Pt.  II. — The  Water  Resources  of  the  Coastal  Plain  of  North  Carolina,  by  L.  W.  Steph- 
enson and  B.  L.  Johnson. 

Vol.  IV.  Birds  of  North  Carolina.     In  press. 

BIENNIAL  REPORTS. 

First  Biennial  Report,  1891-1892,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1893.  8°, 
111  pp.,  12  pi.,  2  figs.  Postage  6  cents. 

Administrative  report,  giving  Object  and  Organization  of  the  Survey;  Investigations  of 
Iron  Ores,  Building  Stone,  Geological  Work  in  Coastal  Plain  Region,  including  supplies  of 
drinking  waters  in  eastern  counties,  Report  on  Forests  and  Forest  Products,  Coal  and  Marble, 
Investigations  of  Diamond  Drill 

Biennial  Report  1893-1894,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1894.  8°  15  pp. 
Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1895-1896,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1896.  8°,  17  pp. 
Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1897-1898,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologst,  1898.  8°,  28  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1899-1900,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1900.  8°,  20  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report  1901-1902,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1902.  8°,  15  pp. 
Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1903-1904,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1905.  8°,  32  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1905-1906,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1907.  8°,  60 
pp.  Postage  3  cents. 

Administrative  report;  report  on  certain  swamp  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  by  W.  W. 
Ashe;  it  also  gives  certain  magnetic  observations  at  North  Carolina  stations. 

Biennial  Report,  1907-1908,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1908.  8°. 
60  pp.,  2  pi.  Postage  5  cents. 

Administrative  report.  Contains  Special  Report  on  an  examination  of  the  Sand  Banks 
along  the  North  Carolina  Coast,  by  Jay  F.  Bond,  Forest  Assistant,  United  States  Forest  Serv- 
ice; certain  magnetic  observations  at  North  Carolina  stations;  Results  of  an  Investigation 
Relating  to  Clam  Cultivation,  by  Howard  E.  Enders  of  Purdue  University. 

Biennial  Report  1909-1910,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1911.  8°, 
152  pp.  Postage  10  cents. 

Administrative  report,  and  contains  Agreements  for  Cooperation  in  Statistical  Work,  and 
Topographical  and  Traverse  Mapping  Work  with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey;  Forest 
Work  with  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  (Forest  Service)  ;  List  of  Topo- 
graphic maps  of  North  Carolina  and  counties  partly  or  wholly  topographically  mapped;  de- 
scription of  special  Highways  in  North  Carolina;  'suggested  Road  Legislation;  list  of  Drainage 
Districts  and  Results  of  Third  Annual  Drainage  Convention;  Forestry  reports  relating  to 
Connolly  Tract,  Buncombe  County  and  Transylvania  County  State  Farms;  certain  Watersheds; 
Reforestation  of  Cut-over  and  Abandoned  Farm  Lands  on  the  Woodlands  of  the  Salem  Acad- 
emy and  College;  Recommendations  for  the  Artificial  Regeneration  of  Longleaf  Pine  at  Pine- 
hurst;  Act  regulating  the  use  of  and  for  the  Protection  of  Meridian  Monuments  and  Standards 
of  Measure  at  the  several  county  seats  of  North  Carolina;  list  of  Magnetic  Declinations  at  thp 
county  seats,  January  1,  1910;  letter  of  Fish  Commissioner  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Fisheries  relating  to  the  conditions  of  the  North  Carolina  fish  industries;  report  of  the  Survey 
for  the  North  Carolina  Fish  Commission  referring  to  dutch  or  pound-net  fishing  in  Albemarle 
and  Croatan  sounds  and  Chowan  River,  by  Gilbert  T.  Rude,  of  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey;  Historical  Sketch  of  the  several  North  Carolina  Geological  Surveys,  with 
list  of  publications  of  each. 

Biennial  Report,  1911-1912,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1913.  8°, 
118  pp.  Postage  7  cents. 

Administrative  report,  and  contains  reports  on  method  of  construction  and  estimate  of  cost 
of  road  improvement  in  Stantonsburg  Township,  Wilson  County;  report  on  road  conditions  in 
Lee  County;  report  on  preliminary  location  of  section  of  Spartanburg-Hendersonville  Highway 


176  LOBLOLLY    OR    NORTH    CAROLINA    PINE. 

between  Tryon  and  Tuxedo;  report  of  road  work  done  by  U.  S.  Office  of  Public  Roads  during 
biennial  period;  experiments  with  glutrin  on  the  sand-clay  road;  report  on  Central  Highway, 
giving  Act  establishing  and  report  of  trip  over  this  Highway;  suggested  road  legislation; 
report  on  the  Asheville  Citv  watershed;  report  on  the  Struan  property  at  Arden,  Buncombe 
County ;  report  on  the  woodlands  on  the  farm  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Kilgore,  Iredell  County ;  report  on 
examination  of  the  woodlands  on  the  Berry  place,  Orange  County ;  report  on  the  forest  prop- 
erty of  Miss  Julia  A.  Thome,  Asheboro,  Randolph  County;  report  on  the  examination  of  the 
forest  lands  of  the  Butters  Lumber  Company,  Columbus  County ;  proposed  forestry  legislation ; 
swamp  lands  and  drainage,  giving  drainage  districts;  suggested  drainage  legislation;  proposed 
Fisheries  Commission  bill. 

Biennial  Report,  1913-1914,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1915.  8°, 
190  pp.  Postage  14  cents. 

Samples  of  any  mineral  found  in  the  State  may  be  sent  to  the  office  of  the 
Geological  and  Economic  Survey  for  identification,  and  the  same  will  be  clas- 
sified free  of  charge.  It  must  be  understood,  however,  that  NO  ASSAYS  OB 
QUANTITATIVE  DETEBMiNATioNS  WILL  BE  MADE.  Samples  should  be  in  a  lump 
form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  on  outside  of  package  with  name  of 
sender,  postoffice  address,  etc.;  a  letter  should  accompany  sample  and  stamp 
should  be  enclosed  for  reply. 

These  publications  are  mailed  to  libraries  and  to  individuals  who  may 
desire  information  on  any  of  the  special  subjects  named,  free  of  charge,  except 
that  in  each  case  applicants  for  the  reports  should  forward  the  amount  of 
postage  needed,  as  indicated  above,  for  mailing  the  bulletins  desired,  to  the 
State  Geologist,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 


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